Moral Dilemma Army Recruitment and Video Games Free Essays

string(128) " the fact that the number of violent crimes from youth and adults have decreased while video game sales have risen \(Ulanoff\)\." Moral Dilemma: Army Recruitment and Video Games While watching the documentary â€Å"Digital Nation,† produced by Rachel Dretzin, I became interested by a section titled â€Å"The Army Experience Center. † The documentary shows clips of teenagers as young as thirteen playing violent videos games in an arcade run by the Army. The whole goal is to arouse these teenagers’ interest so they enlist. We will write a custom essay sample on Moral Dilemma: Army Recruitment and Video Games or any similar topic only for you Order Now Having strong negative feelings towards war and teenage recruitment to begin with, I decided to research this subject further. Let me take you through my thought process while I struggle with the question; Is the Army Experience Center’s (AEC) use of war video games a moral way to recruit teenagers? My first source, a radio program titled â€Å"War Games Lure for ‘Real Thing† laid the background. Host Jacki Lyden explains how the AEC had closed on July 30, 2010 after being in a Philadelphia shopping mall. It was only open for two years in order to â€Å"determine the most effective tools for public outreach† (Army). The center’s spokesman, Captain John Kirchgessner, said the center was successful and had been a â€Å"better way to share our Army story than to simply smile and dial and ask somebody if they thought about joining lately† (War). Brian Lepley adds to this by saying, â€Å"We have got to reach them the way that they entertain themselves† (Joel). I found these statements to be true. After all, before building the AEC, the Army had shut down five recruiting offices nearby. With half the staff, the Army was able to recruit the same amount of people and still save money (War). This saving of money was good business practices and even benefits tax payers. My perception of the AEC was already looking better. Though Kirshgessner is confident that these recruits were aware of the difference between war and videogame, Staff Sergeant Jesse Hamilton has a different perspective. He worries that the use of video games as a recruitment tool takes away from the reality of war. He goes on to say, â€Å"People screaming, blood, flies, horrible smells – the list goes on and on. And they’ve taken all of that out, and what they’ve effectively left is the portion which they consider to be the fun part† (War). Reading this statement reminded me of why I felt ashamed of the AEC to begin with. It gives kids, who don’t know any better, a false idea of all the different aspects of war. I found myself back to my initial, negative perception of the AEC. At this point, I knew I needed more first-hand information about the AEC. Keeping with radio programs, I stumbled across one hosted by Rebecca Roberts who goes into more detail about the center as she takes a tour. She describes it as â€Å"slick and gadget-heavy as an Apple store† (Army). There are two simulators: a Humvee and two Blackhawk helicopter, a career navigator, a global-base locator, and rows of Xbox game counsels. Everything is free, as long as you are thirteen or older. It seems so innocent, like a teenage boy’s dream come true. While thinking more about the nature of boys, I reminded myself that boys have been known through all generations to play war games. Weather it is Cowboys and Indians, Battleship, or the latest video game. It’s in their nature. The more I thought about violent video games, the more I accepted it as a modern day childhood game. Maybe the AEC is more innocent then I thought. Yet, even with an acceptance of violent videos games, I still had not applied that to the Army’s use of video games to persuade teenagers into war. Roberts mentions that some have criticized the AEC â€Å"for bait-and-switch tactics, masquerading as an arcade when it’s really an Army recruiting station† (Army). The Army calling itself an arcade when it’s really a recruitment center brings a whole new problem to the subject. The Army is not allowed to recruit teenagers who are underage. This makes the Army look untruthful. Though the AEC isn’t called a recruitment center, it is. They shut down those five nearby recruitment centers because they planned to recruit teenagers, instead, at the AEC. Staff denies that the AEC is a recruitment center, but then turn around and boast about how many kids they have recruited (War). Bill Deckhart describes it as, â€Å"The Army people would talk about it and say, ‘Oh it’s not a recruiting center,’ [and] at the end of their statement, they would talk about how recruiting was doing. To me, it was very dishonest† (Joel). The dishonesty of the Army became my major turnoff. After all, if the Army was not doing anything wrong then why would they have to lie? In â€Å"Playing War,† Ian Graham and Ronald Shaw argue for a more innocent view of war video games. Their term ‘transitional space’ (790) for video games suggests that they are used to help ready soldiers and recruit new ones (796). Video games, in Graham and Shaw’s minds, are purely tools to help soldiers experience war and help civilians understand it. The Army Experience Center’s use of video games is not a new concept in American Army history. In fact, the Army’s use of digital media dates all the back to the 1970s and from 1996 when the video game Doom II: Hell on Earth came out for training purposes (794). I asked myself, â€Å"Why was there so much controversy over the AEC when the Army has been using video games for years? † Perhaps it has something to do with all the negative science floating around out, claiming violent video games have disastrous effects on young minds. I decided to research this further in my forth source. In the presence of so many studies about the correlation between video games and violent behavior, Author Christopher Ferguson begs to differ. He claims that â€Å"measures used in video game studies claiming to represent ‘aggression’ in fact don’t correlate will with actual real-life aggressive acts or violent behaviors† (79). This is clear and can be proven by the fact that the number of violent crimes from youth and adults have decreased while video game sales have risen (Ulanoff). You read "Moral Dilemma: Army Recruitment and Video Games" in category "Essay examples" Being intrigued by this new idea that violent video games are safe for society, I ventured on with my research. Lance Ulanoff has a son who loves video games, especially violent ones. He has seen no difference in his son’s behavior since he has started playing video games and trusts that his son knows fact from fiction. When talking about today’s youth, Ulanoff says, â€Å"when they turn off those games, they go back to being the same teen they were before they turned it on† (Ulanoff). In his writing, Ulanoff stresses that parents should be responsible over what their kids do. This made me realize something so basic about the fight against the AEC. If parents don’t like it, then they have the right to tell their kids not to go. If parents are concerned their kid is too naive about the dangers of war, they can educate their kids. If a child enlists in the Army because they developed a false sense of war from playing video games at the AEC, whose fault is that? At this point of my research, I now believed that this is the parent’s responsibility, not the Army’s. In the article titled â€Å"I Wish I were a Warrior,† authors Konijam, Bijvank, and Bushman state that video games are harmful to adolescence boy minds. They are too influential to have role models who â€Å"show no remorse for their aggressive actions, and are rarely punished for behaving aggressively† (Konijam). The authors, also, relates lower education with vulnerability, which made me come to my own explanation as to why there are disproportionately more African Americans in the Army. In many ways, this article is true. We should be mindful of the effects that violent media has on us. Maybe we won’t go out killing people, but we are becoming less sensitive of the horrors of war because of it. A life is too precious to take a chance. While on the subject of desensitization, I came across an article published in the Journal of Experimental Social Psychology. The issue of war video games and desensitization took a spin. The authors admit that video games blur the lines between reality and fiction, and that this can be bad for children civilians. Yet, while reading, I realized not all desensitization was bad. The article points out that just as medical students need to be desensitized from blood, so do soldiers when it comes to killing and facing tragedy (Carnagey 490). The video games are the bridge between civilian and soldier life and troops benefit from that slow transition into war that video games provide. After reading this article, I had a completely new perspective on what desensitization is. Yet, this article continues to say that desensitization, while good for people planning to go into war, isn’t good for the regular, thirteen year old civilian. Though this article had valid points, the average kid visiting the AEC wouldn’t benefit from desensitization. With my views about the AEC going back and forth between good and bad, I continued to research on. I came to the article â€Å"Conflict of Interest,† written by Lev Grossman and Evan Narcisse. The article describes our nation’s high demand for video games. It, also, describes the realness so many of today’s games have. Talk about video game’s strong influence on our society had me thinking. We have seen people try to reenact graphic movies such as the â€Å"Dark Knight† movie theater shooting in Colorado, but we have never seen such reenactments based off of video games. If video games are so influential and detrimental, there are no facts to proof it. I began to think that the AEC’s use of video games wasn’t really that big of a deal. As I read on, I found a quote by Hirshberg that reads, â€Å"I think there will be a time when we look back and find it quaint that video games were so controversial† (Grossman). By this time in my research, this quote summed up my thinking, though I still was uncertain about where I stood on the issue of the AEC. My last source was an interview with a World War II veteran, Rudy White. The moment I mentioned video games with recruitment he shook his head and said â€Å"no† (White). White reiterated my very first thoughts about how videogames the AEC desensitized people and put falsehoods into the realities of war. He said there are no consequences to face in games, while real war is filled with consequences. White gives an example that a man killed is a son, a brother, and father, and a friend who is now dead forever. There is no reset button in real life (White). After hearing White, I felt that all the research I did trying to justify the AEC was almost useless. I realized that it was better to trust my instincts that said war video games have their place in society, but not in Army recruitment. Through all my research, I have had a lot of mixed feelings. My initial thinking was that the AEC’s use of video games as a recruitment tool was destructive. It was a dishonest tools used by the Army that gives a false idea about war. It, also, desensitizes kids to the horrors and consequences of war. Yet through my research, I have seen valid counter argument to my own thinking. Some of these arguments are really quite simple, like the Army is just trying to connect with what kids like to do. Others are that the AEC gives people a more well-rounded idea of the Army than if they were playing the same video games alone in their rooms. Through it all, my final perception of the AEC came after talking to veteran Rudy White. I realized that there are many good things about the AEC, but the negatives outweigh them all. War is too serious to be a game and thirteen is too young to recruit. The AEC and its use of violent video games is not a moral way to recruit teens to the Army. Works Cited â€Å"Army Complex – Arcade Or Recruiting Center? † Weekend All Things Considered 17 Jan. 2009. Gale Opposing Viewpoints In Context. Web. 16 Oct. 2012. Carnagey, Nicholas L. , Craig A. Anderson, and Brad J. Bushman. â€Å"The Effects of Video Games Violence on Physiological Desensitization on Real-Life Violence. † Journal of Experimental Social Psychology 43. 3 (2006): 489-496. Print. Ferguson, Christopher J. â€Å"Blazing Angels Or Resident Evil? Can Violent Video Games Be A Force For Good?. † Review Of General Psychology 14. (2010): 68-81. PsycARTICLES. Web. 16 Oct. 2012. Graham, Ian, and Ronald Shaw. â€Å"Playing War. † Social and Cultural Geography 11. 8 (2010): 789, 803. Print. Grossman, Lev, and Evan Narcisse. â€Å"Conflict Of Interest. † Time 178. 17 (2011): 70-75. Academic Search Complete. Web. 16 Oct. 2012. Joel, R. (2012). The A rmy Experience Center. On Marketplace [Record]. Philadelphia: American Public Media Konijn, Elly A. , Marije Nije Bijvank, and Brad J. Bushman. â€Å"I Wish I Were A Warrior: The Role Of Wishful Identification In The Effects Of Violent Video Games On Aggression In Adolescent Boys. Developmental Psychology 43. 4 (2007): 1038-1044. PsycARTICLES. Web. 16 Oct. 2012. Swanson, David. â€Å"The Army Experience Center’s Bad Experience: Turns Out Training Kids To Kill Not Popular With Public. † Humanist 69. 6 (2009): 5. MasterFILE Premier. Web. 16 Oct. 2012. Ulanoff, Lance. â€Å"Violent Video Games: Our Responsibility, Not The Courts. † PC Magazine 29. 12 (2010): 1. Academic Search Complete. Web. 16 Oct. 2012. â€Å"War Games Lure Recruits For ‘Real Thing’† Weekend Edition 31, Jul. 2010. Web. 16 Oct. 2012. White, Rudy. Personal interview. 31 Oct. 2012. How to cite Moral Dilemma: Army Recruitment and Video Games, Essay examples

University Of Central OklahomaDepartment Of Nursing Essay free essay sample

, Research Paper Nurse? s Attitudes TowardDo Not Resuscitate Orders In Partial Fulfillment of the Requirementsfor Nursing 4522Nursing Research II Presented toAllen Nottingham, R.N. , B.S. ByMeggin BeanJessica BrownellShannon GenzerLeslie LoomanShanna McIntosh April 20, 1998 Table OF CONTENTS I. INTRODUCTION? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? 1 Background? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? 1 Theoretical Framework? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? . 4 Problem Statement? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? 5 Statement of Purpose? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ..5 Research Question? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ..6 Theoretical Definitions? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? .. 6 Operational Definitions? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ..7 II. REVIEW OF LITERATURE? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? 9 Introductory Statement? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? 9 Conceptual Framework? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ..101. Pre-Conventional Degree? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? 112. Conventional Degree? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? .. 173. Post-Conventional Degree? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? .. 21 Summary? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? .24 III. METHODOLOGY? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? .. 26 Introductory Statement? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? .. 26 Research Puting? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? . 27 Subjects? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? .. 27 Procedure? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? 28 Instrumentality? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? .. 29 Assumptions related to Methodology? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? . 31 IV. Reference? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? . 32 V. APPENDICES? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? . 36 Appendix A? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? 36 Appendix B? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? 41 Appendix C? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? 42 Appendix D? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? 43 Appendix E? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? 45 Chapter I Introduction Background Many influences such as cultural background, values, ethical motives, and beliefs bring great force to bear upon about every determination a individual must do throughout an mean twenty-four hours whether it be a pick, thought, or action. These influences are used in the formation of attitudes about one? s ego in general, and approximately right or incorrect. We will write a custom essay sample on University Of Central OklahomaDepartment Of Nursing Essay or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page All people have these childhood influences to recognition for our attitudes, picks, thoughts, and even beliefs that are held beloved. Attitudes developed during childhood and throughout life play a cardinal function in the manner people interact with one another, grip crises, or even cover with daily jobs that occur in their lives. These beliefs are cardinal to every human whether they be carpenter, politician, or registered nurse. So intermeshed in our day-to-day lives are these values, that really frequently their function in the determination procedure goes unnoticed. In fact, one can populate their full life and neer have consciousness as to what triggers certain emotions, feelings toward the other sex, or even what drives the way of idea. Yet, they are passed on to every coevals frequently blindly, with every gesture, every arched supercilium, and every faery narrative. The consciousness of their presence is secondary to the demand to hold them. They are the yarn that stitches communities together, brings people to a common land, and gives many a intent for life. Attitudes about decease and deceasing are derived from a womb-to-tomb procedure of sing life and the beliefs about decease that one accepts as their ain. In many civilizations beliefs and issues environing decease are the 1s held dearest and closest to oneself. Many, if non all, civilizations accept that decease is but another measure in the procedure of life. However, differences in how one may take to welcome or evade decease are varied and many. How one chooses to confront decease, what instrumentality, and even where to decease ( when 1 has the pick ) are all affairs of personal penchant. Use of Do Not Resuscitate ( DNR ) orders or thorough steps are besides affairs of penchant ( when there is a life will and these determinations are made in front of clip ) , and these penchants affect many lives runing from friend to caregiver. As a health professional, the nurse must cover with decease and those that are deceasing on an about day-to-day footing. As a nurse, one must be cognizant of his or her ain personal feelings and beliefs sing decease and be prepared to esteem the wants of the patient sing this issue. More frequently, the nurse will be the really individual to transport out a DNR order. This means that the nurse may hold to stand and watch or take the manus of a patient while he or she dies. The determination that a nurse will do will be based on attitudes toward decease and death, every bit good as the very impression of the DNR order. Some nurses may comprehend a DNR order as an easy manner out of expensive medical measures and a direct manus in the decease of the patient, while others may see it as a merciful terminal to a painful and anguished being. When confronted with the legality of DNR orders and the humanity of caring and desiring to continue life, the nurse is frequently confronted with a quandary. The nurse? s determination can be one that can impact h er calling every bit good as the wants of the patient. Whatever the nurse? s feelings are, they must be addressed in order to better function the patient and to guarantee that the patient? s rights and best involvements are at the centre of the concern. By turn toing the nurse? s issues with DNR orders or merely decease itself, the patient benefits from the cognition that the nurse has an apprehension of why he or she may experience a certain manner about a peculiar subject. Understanding of where our values, beliefs, and perceptual experience originate can merely function to, assist us go stronger, more compassionate, and wiser.Researchers of this survey believe that consequences will lend to the already huge organic structure of nursing cognition by presenting an article that when read, may help the readers to look within oneself and find what beliefs, or deficiency of, are regulating their actions. In turn toing this issue, the research workers feel that a nurse will derive valua ble penetration which may assist him or her to better header with the issues environing a patient that is near decease and has a DNR order attached to his or her chart. The research workers will besides present information on the procedure whereby formation of these attitudes or beliefs occurs and in making so will supply beginning from whence alterations and or apprehension of what we believe can be achieved. Furthermore, the research workers believe that the extent to which these findings can be generalized are non merely limited merely to certain floors or sections within a infirmary scene but, are available to everyone with the desire to understand what makes them care about certain issues. Still, these findings can be utile in countries of oncology, paediatricss, gerontologies, and or any country where DNR orders are in topographic point. Besides, these findings can be utile in alleviative, every bit good as healing scenes, within the place wellness community, and the retiremen t community. In general, the research workers hope that this information which may help anyone in their hunt for apprehension of who and what they are, will besides function as a tool to impact a alteration in how those that read this survey handle one another every bit good as what one says and does. Theoretical FrameworkKohlberg? s Theory of Moral Development will be used as a conceptual model for this survey ( Wong, 1995 ) . Kohlberg? s theory consist of three degrees. Within each degree are two distinguishable phases of moral development. Within degree one, the Pre-moral degree, are the phases one and two which province that a individual obeys regulations to forestall penalty or to convey about wages severally. Within Kohlberg? s degree one is Piaget? s phase one of moral logical thinking called Moral Realism from which attitude formation, and attitudes about decease and deceasing are formulated ( Coffey A ; March, 1983 ) .The 2nd Kohlberg degree is known as the Pre-Conventional degree. Within this degree are phases three and four. Stage three addresses the method whereby persons pursue the blessing of others by portraying themselves as good. Stage four provinces that people have regard for authorization and societal order and that people are oriented toward responsibility an d regard for authorization. Besides within this degree is Piaget? s 2nd phase of moral logical thinking called Morality of Cooperation which deals with the manner cooperation is achieved in moral development and its deductions on developing ethical motives and attitudes.The last degree of Kohlberg? s theoretical account is the Post-Conventional degree. Within this degree are the 5th and 6th phases. Stage five references that people are receptive to obeying democratically accepted Torahs and regulations of behaviour, while phase six implies that morality is single scruples. Within this subdivision surveies will be presented that province that nurses map at this degree of Kohlberg? s Theory of Moral Development. It is because of this degree that one can be in touch with the emotions and attitudes that are responsible for how people feel and act sing a specific topic. These actions and the attitudes behind them are the foundations for what makes something right or incorrect ( at least in the head of the individual or individuals involved ) . Kohlberg? s theoretical account will be used to explicate the actions of persons based on the degree of development antecedently stated by the many degrees of Kohlberg? s theoretical account. It has been stated that nurses map at the phase 6 degree that states morality is single scruples. With all the phases holding been laid out rather specifically, a research worker should be really capable of delegating a specific topic to a specific phase of development and besides be able to find with some grade of truth the attitudes held by that individual by the manner a set of inquiries are answered ( Kohlberg, 1969 ) .Problem StatementWhat factors, moral and ethical, influence nurses? attitudes and determinations sing patient attention of a client with DNR orders? Statement of PurposeThe research workers believe that independent variables such as patient demographics, every bit good as physiological facets runing from age and sex to sharp-sightedness and nature of disease will hold an affect on the dependant variable, the nurses? attitude on decease and deceasing. This survey will research the nurses? attitudes about decease and death every bit good as specific issues about DNR orders which may hold deep rooted beginnings and may be affected by assorted factors such as familial wants and cultural issues that are out of the control of the nurse. In this descriptive survey, the research workers will try to add to the huge organic structure of nursing cognition by researching the attitudes that nurses have toward decease and death every bit good as their attitude toward the DNR order itself. The research workers believe that by look intoing the beginnings of one? s values and beliefs the nurse will go a better nurse and a better individual.This penetration into oneself will let the nurse to present better patient attention and develop a sense of who they are and where they come from.Research QuestionWhat factors that affect nurses? attitudes toward decease, the death, and the DNR order can be discovered and identified in a descriptive survey by the usage of a topic specific questionnaire such as a DNR questionnaire? Definition of TermsTheoretical DefinitionsDNR Order: # 8220 ; A note written in the patient record and signed by a qualified, normally senior or go toing physician, teaching the staff of the establishment non to try to revive a peculiar patient in the event of cardiac or respiratory failure. This direction is normally merely given when a individual is so soberly ill that decease is at hand and inevitable # 8221 ; ( Mosby? s Medical A ; Nursing Dictionary, 1996 ) .Attitude: # 8220 ; State of head, behaviour, or behavior sing some affair, as indicating sentiment or aim # 8221 ; ( Britannica World Language Dictionary, 1995 ) .Nurse: # 8220 ; A individual educated and licensed in the pattern of nursing ; one who is concerned with # 8220 ; the diagnosing and intervention of hu man responses to existent or possible wellness jobs # 8221 ; ( American Nurses? Association ) . The pattern of the nurse includes informations aggregation, diagnosing, planning, intervention, and rating with work forces in model of the nurse? s remarkable concern with the individual? s response to the job instead than to the job itself. The concerns of the nurse or therefore broader and less distinct and circumscribed than the traditional concerns of medical specialty. In a concerted participatory relationship with the client or patient, the nurse Acts of the Apostless to advance, keep, or reconstruct the wellness of the individual ; health is the end. A collegial collaborative of relationship with other wellness professionals who portion a mission and a common information base furthers the pattern of nursing. Guided by a human-centered, ethical rules, the nurse patterns in a personal, nurturing, and protective mode that promotes wellness in all ways. The nurse may be a Renaissance man or a specializer and, as a professional, is ethnically and lawfully accountable for the nursing activities performed and for the actions of others to whom the nurse has delegated duty # 8221 ; ( Mosby? s Medical A ; Nursing Dictionary, 1996 ) .Questionnaire: A written or printed signifier consisting a series of inquiries submitted to a figure of individuals in order to obtain informations for a study or study # 8221 ; ( Britanni ca World Language Dictionary, 1995 ) . Operational DefinitionsDNR order: An order made by a doctor ( of one of the three infirmaries involved in the UCO DNR survey ) after audience with household members which entails the deficiency of attempt to resuscitate a patient that has of course ceased to breath or has experienced cardiorespiratory arrest.Attitude: An interior personal feeling toward a certain topic, individual, or doctrine that could be positive or negative held by one or more nurses involved in the UCO descriptive DNR study.Nurse: A alumnus of a 1 ( Accredited Practical Nurse ) , two, or a four twelvemonth, accredited nursing plan, or a alumnus of a certification plan and licensed by any province to pattern as a nurse and presently employed at any one of three metropolitan infirmaries in the Southwestern United States which are presently helping with the UCO DNR research project.Questionnaire: The tool used to determine attitudes and get information about DNR orders from take parting nurses employed at one of th e three Southwestern United States Hospitals involved in the UCO DNR survey. Chapter II Reappraisal of Literature Introductory Statement The Review of Literature has been organized into Kohlberg # 8217 ; s Theory of Moral Development. Kohlberg # 8217 ; s theory was used in this survey because it straight addresses moral development in kids and grownups, and focuses on the grounds an person makes a determination ; instead than the existent morality of their determination. Kohlberg # 8217 ; s Moral Development Theory progresses through three degrees and six phases. The first degree, the Pre-Moral or Pre-Conventional, consists of two phases. Stage one involves penalty and obeisance orientation. Phase two involves instrumental-relativist orientation in which action is taken to fulfill one # 8217 ; s demands. Incorporated into this degree is Piaget # 8217 ; s present one of moral logical thinking, which consists of Moral Realism and attitude formation ( Coffey and March, 1983 ) . At this degree, nurses attitudes begin to explicate in relation to deep frozen beginnings of beliefs and values. Furthermore, these beliefs and values frequently influence nurses attitudes towards Do- non resuscitate ( DNR ) orders. The 2nd degree, The Conventional Level, includes phases three and four. Stage three involves interpersonal harmony, which focuses on persons adhering to a good boy/nice miss morality. Stage four affecting jurisprudence and order orientation provinces that right behaviour is obeying the jurisprudence and following the regulations. This degree includes Piaget # 8217 ; s 2nd phase of moral logical thinking called Morality of Cooperation. As antecedently stated nurses formulate attitudes, nevertheless at this flat ethical consideration takes precedency over the DNR order. The last degree of Kohlberg # 8217 ; s theory is called The Post-Conventional, Autonomous, or Principled Level. This degree consists of phases five and six. Stage five involves societal contract and legalistic orientation, and focuses on adhering to Torahs that protect the public assistance and rights of others. Stage six involves universal/ethical rules. This focuses on the fact that cosmopolitan moral rules are internalized. Nurses are frequently confronted with ethical quandaries due to resistances between their ain scruples of what is right and incorrect and ethical considerations. In retrospect, our Review of Literature has focused on Kohlberg # 8217 ; s Theory of Moral Development which may be the footing for a nurses moral logical thinking. Conceptual Model Moral development is a uninterrupted procedure in which a individual learns to consciously accept right and incorrect, harmonizing to their ain beliefs and values. An person learns throughout childhood a sense of what is right and what is incorrect. Through this, a sense of morality is formed by their behaviour as # 8220 ; good # 8221 ; or # 8220 ; bad # 8221 ; . This is established through wagess and penalties. An single must understand how morality is formed throughout childhood ( Kozier A ; Erb, 1995 ) . A kid? s moral development is extremely influenced by the parent or defender. A kid is rewarded for what a parent or guardian considers good behaviour and punished for what a parent or guardian considers a bad or negative behaviour. Therefore, a kid # 8217 ; s belief of what is right or incorrect is developed by their parent # 8217 ; s disciplinary actions. PRE- CONVENTIONAL LEVEL. Kohlberg developed a construction to organize a theory of moral development. Moral development is a complex procedure, which involves larning what ought to be and what ought non to be done ( Kozier and Erb, 1995 ) . Harmonizing to Kohlberg, moral development progresses through each phase of each degree. Degrees and phases are non ever linked to a peculiar developmental phase, because some individuals progress to a higher degree of moral development that others ( Kozier A ; Erb, 1995 ) . The first phase of the Pre-conventional degree is the Right of actual obeisance to regulations and authorization, avoiding penalty, and non making physical injury ( Kohlberg,1927 ) . This phase takes an egoistic point of position. A individual at this phase does non acknowledge the involvements of others. They do non associate two points of position. Alternatively, they value their ain beliefs. Actions are judged in footings of physical effects instead than in footings of psychological involvements of others ( Kohlberg, 1927 ) . For case, a nurse follows a physician # 8217 ; s orders so as non to be fired, although many nurses may hold conflicting beliefs it is their responsibility to transport out DNR orders. Many legislative acts provide unsusceptibility to wellness attention suppliers who do. Failing to honour an DNR order could take to a battery suit by the patient or his household, and disciplinary action by the Board of Nursing ( Sloan, 1996 ) . Persons map in order to avoid penalty. Rules are sacred and unchangeable, and those who violate regulations must be punished harmonizing to the magnitude of their discourtesies ( Shultz, 1997 ) . Health attention as a profession involves far more ethical rules than possibly any other profession. Nurses, every bit good as other wellness attention professionals with a principle- centered life and pattern, create an internal construction that will assist them systematically run into ethical duties to themselves, patients, households, and communities. Developing a cardinal set of Principles, encourages nurses to use the same set of moralss to themselves every bit good as to their patient ( Moss, 1995 ) . Jezewski ( 1994 ) conducted a survey to depict the struggle that occurs during the procedure of accepting to do-not-resuscitate position and the schemes used by critical attention nurses to try and forestall, minimise, and/or decide these struggles. His survey consisted of a grounded theory design. Twenty-two critical attention nurses practising in upstate New York in urban and rural, net income and non-profit-making infirmaries were involved in the survey. Of the 22 participants, 21 were female and 1 was a male. The age scope was 26-53 old ages old, with a mean of 34 ( + or # 8211 ; 6 old ages ) . Old ages in pattern ranged from 4-31 old ages. Semi-structured, in-depth interviews were used to roll up informations. The interview agenda consisted of open-ended inquiries and were formulated to arouse nurses # 8217 ; experiences in the context of interacting with patients and household members during the procedure of their make up ones minding whether to accept to a DNR position. The information was analyzed with the uninterrupted comparative method of grounded theory. The consequences show that struggle occurred during the procedure of accepting to DNR position. Two major classs of struggle were intrapersonal ( interior struggle in coming to footings with DNR-status determination ) and interpersonal ( struggle that took topographic point between persons involved in accepting to a DNR position ) . Intrapersonal struggle, for the nurses occurred while finding the rightness of DNR order for their patients and coming to footings with the significance of DNR position. Nurses had to come to footings that a DNR order was appropriate or inappropriate for the patient. To make this, the nurse assessed the patient # 8217 ; s physical position in concurrence with quality of life issues, conferred with other wellness attention professionals, and talked with the patient and/or household. It was of import for the nurses to personally decide any struggle about the rightness before they could optimally help patients and households with the determination to accept to DNR position. Interpersonal struggle occurred between household members, patients, and staff. Nurses descriptions of their function were reflective of a civilization agent model integrating protagonism, dialogue, speculation, and sensitiveness to patient? s and household? s demands. They would speak with household members to seek to understand their feelings about accepting to a DNR position. The nurses emphasized the importance of leting clip for household members to come to footings with the patient # 8217 ; s position and the significance of DNR for themselves separately and as a group ( Jezewski, 1994 ) . Attitudes, values, and moralss set the phase for managed attention nursing ( Salladay, 1997 ) . Ajzen and Fishbein ( 1980 ) theorized that human existences base their actions on rational, systematic usage of information ; individuals consider the deductions of their actions before they decide to prosecute in a given behaviour. Attitudes are defined as the individuals rating of the positive or negative effects of the results of specific behaviours or actions taken. Whereas, Behavioral purpose is the reported grade of likeliness that the nurse will execute a certain action ( Ajzen A ; Fishbein, 1980 ) . Nurses must make up ones mind what their ain moral actions ought to be in a state of affairs refering a DNR order. Because of the particular nature of the nurse-client relationship, they must back up and prolong clients and households who are confronting hard moral determinations. On the other manus, nurses must besides back up clients and households who are populating out the determinations made for and about them by others, or themselves. Nurses can do better moral determinations and have a positive attitude to any given state of affairs by believing in progress about their beliefs and values ( Moss, 1995 ) . Schaefer and Tittle ( 1994 ) conducted a survey to research the attitudes and perceptual experiences of registered nurses ( RNs ) and doctors ( MDs ) sing the attention of patients with do-not-resuscitate ( DNR ) orders in the intensive attention units ( ICU ) . Structured interviews were conducted with 20 RNs and MDs from the ICUs of 25 Veterans Administration Hospitals. The questionnaire included four conjectural instances which tested a statement as to who would outdo support the liberty of the patient in doing a DNR determination: ( a ) when the patient is unqualified, ( B ) when the patient is non competent and a close relationship exists with the household, ( degree Celsius ) when the patient is non competent, has no close relationship with household but a curative relationship exists between the doctor and the patient, and ( vitamin D ) when the patient is non competent, has no close relationship with the household but a curative relationship exists between the nurse and the patient. A sum of 226 ( 45.2 % ) questionnaires were received ; 160 ( 70.8 % ) from the RNs and 66 ( 29.2 % ) from MDs. The average age of RNs was 38.4 with a scope of 22-58. The average age of the MDs was 42.4 with a scope of 27-76. The RNs and MDs did non hold who would outdo support patient liberty in any of the four instances ( P

Ethical Consideration of Autonomous Car Technology

Question: A detailed evaluation of the ethical considerations associated with the technology in relation to its impact on humanity. An illustration of at least two specific ethical theories that differentiates their varying approaches in consideration of the questions raised by the selected technology . At least one statistical graph or visual aid that supports or provides value to the section . Answer: Introduction This study deals with ethical considerations of Autonomous Car Technology. In this particular assignment, focus is mainly given on selected technology and relating it with humanity attributes. Differences between two theories of ethics are explained named as Deontology and Teleology. Analysis on impact of technology on humanity Autonomous Car Technology represents major innovation in the automotive industry but uptakes penetration strategy from the point of view of humanity actions. Autonomous vehicles are under active development as well as viable options in transport sector (Vitell Hunt, 2015). This mainly offers potential ways for improving in the safety, efficiency as well as sustainability in road traffic. Humans will be able to experience significant benefits from reduced risk of accidents and delays at the same time. Autonomous vehicles cars drive little or no human input. Figure: Trend of Autonomous Car Technology (Source: Berker, 2013) Distinction between two ethical approaches on Deontology and Teleology Deontology Teleology Deontology is one of the approaches to ethics that mainly adheres towards theory implications. Teleology is an approach to ethics that mainly adheres towards theory at the end and justifies at the same time. It is also known as duty-based ethics It is also known as result-oriented ethics This particular approach teaches to be fair as not to use others for some of the selfish reasons This particular approach teaches about doing whatever actions for result production agreeable to specific person This approach mainly follows what is morally right as based upon values instilled in each person This approach examines past experiences for predicting the present actions Conclusion At the end of the study, it is concluded that Autonomous Car Technology should act in ethical ways for achieving future business prospective in smoother ways. The main differences between both the theories include past experiences in case of Teleology and duty-oriented ethics in case of Deontology. Reference List Berker, S. (2013). Epistemic teleology and the separateness of propositions. Philosophical Review, 122(3), 337-393. Vitell, S. J., Hunt, S. D. (2015). 2. the general theory of marketing ethics: the consumer ethics and intentions issues. Handbook on Ethics and Marketing, 15.

Why Some Sociologists Choose to Use Structured Interviews When Conducting Research free essay sample

Examine the reasons why some sociologists choose to use structured interviews when conducting research. There are three types of interviews; structured, unstructured and semi-structured interviews. The most commonly used types of interviews by sociologists are structured interviews and unstructured interviews. Structured interviews have various advantages, therefore, some sociologists, mainly Positivist sociologists, choose to use structured interviews when conducting research. Positivists are mainly interested in research methods that achieve their main goals of reliability, generalisability and representativeness, for this reason, they favour structured interviews as they achieve these goals. This is because structured interviews often have questions and answers that are standardised; they are reliable because they can be therefore replicated. Positivist sociologists also prefer to use structured interviews when conducting research because the pre-coded responses mean that quantitative data can be produced and so cause-and-effect relationships can be established. Also, structured interviews are representative and can therefore be generalised, because of the fact that they are often large-scale. We will write a custom essay sample on Why Some Sociologists Choose to Use Structured Interviews When Conducting Research or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page There are also practical advantages to using structured interviews. For an example, training interviewers is relatively easy and inexpensive as no specialist skills have to be taught as the questions tend to be very straightforward as they often close-ended, and do not require too much thought. Also, because skills taught are minimal, the process of training interviewers will not cost too much. Another practical advantage, is that structured interviews are relatively cheap and easy to administer, so large quantities of interviews can be carried out, meaning that are large-scale , so sociologists, especially Positivists’, can generalise data as the data found will be representative. Also, another practical advantage is that they are relatively straightforward to carry out, and factual information can be found out quickly and cheaply, such as a person’s age. A final practical advantage, adding to why sociologists may choose structured interviews, is that because the questions are close-ended, the results can be easily quantified and so structured interviews are very suitable for hypothesis testing. An ethical advantage is that informed consent can be found, if the interview is carried out on the children, informed consent can be provided by the parents. Another ethical advantage, dding to why sociologists choose structured interviews, is that interviewees may feel more relaxed about answering questions, because they should be told that they have the right not to answer any question they do not want to. Another advantage, is that although the numbers that can be studied using structured interviews are relatively lower than that of postal questionnaires, structured interviews generally have a higher response rate. For an example, in the case of Young and Willmott’s study, only 54 out of 987 people that they asked to interview, refused to be interviewed, possibly because it is easier to simply not complete and post back a questionnaire than to turn down an interview, because with interviews, the request for one is often face-to-face, and many people will prefer interviews because of the chance to talk to someone about particular issues that they feel strongly about and have opinions about. Response rates may also be fairly high with structured interviews, making the interviews more representative, because the interviewer may make several call backs to people who initially fail to respond to questions, and therefore, a better basis for generalisation, which is required for Positivists’ research, can be provided.

Lord of the Flies by William Golding - Book Review

'Lord of the Flies' by William Golding - Book Review Lord of the Flies, a 1954 story of savagery and survival by  William Golding, is considered a classic. Modern Library rates it the 41st best novel of all time. The story, which takes place during an undefined war, begins when a group of English schoolboys survive a plane crash and find themselves stranded on a desert island without any adults. This might seem like an enticing opportunity for any teen seeking freedom, but the group soon degenerates into a mob, terrorizing and even killing each other. The Plot Without the usual authority figures to direct the boys, they must fend for themselves. Ralph, one of the boys, takes on a leadership position. He knows little more than any of the others, but he manages to gather them in one place and is voted leader. At his side is the compassionate, clever, but fatally clumsy Piggy, a nicely rendered character who serves as Ralphs conscience.Ralphs election is contested by Jack, a cool customer with his own squadron of followers, a former choir under his leadership. Jack is a force of nature with intentions of leading hunting parties deep into the primordial jungle. With Piggys planning, Ralphs reluctant leadership and Jacks energy, the castaways establish a successful, thriving village, at least for a day or two. Soon, the few sensible efforts such as keeping a fire burning at all times fall by the wayside.Jack grows bored, restless and resentful of Ralphs leadership position. With his hunters in tow, Jack splits off from the main group. From there, the rest of the book consists of the descent of Jacks tribe into base brutality. As Jack successfully recruits more boys, Ralph becomes more isolated. Then, Jacks tribe kills Piggy his glasses smashed in a moment of symbolism, signaling the end of rational thought and civilized behavior. Pig Worship Jacks tribe hunts and kills a real pig, and sticks the head of the animal on a spear. Group members paint their faces and begin a frenzied worship of the pigs head, including sacrifices to the beast. Golding later explained that the pigs head the lord of the flies is literally translated from the biblical Hebrew, Beelzababug, which is another name for Satan. During this satanic worship, the boys kill one another of their own, Simon. The Rescue Jacks troop having honed their hunting skills move in on Ralph. There is no use appealing to their better nature now. They have abandoned all compassion. Ralph is cornered and seems a goner when suddenly an adult a naval officer arrives on the beach, with his uniform gleaming. His appearance puts everyone in a state of shock. The officer is disgusted with the savagery of the boys, but then he eyes his cruiser in the distance. He has saved the children from their violent world, but hes about to pile them onto a military vessel, where savagery and violence will ostensibly continue. Goldings description on the final page of the novel clarifies the symbolic overtones: The officer ... prepares to take the children off the island in a cruiser which will presently be hunting its enemy in the same implacable way. And who will rescue the adult and his cruiser?

Investment Risk Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Investment Risk - Research Paper Example These might include people who either have very small investments or can not afford to diversify; or people who have very strong belief that the stock in which they have concentrated their investments into, will perform as good as they desire. There are many risks to an investment in stocks that an ordinary shareholder has to experience and has to deal with, in order to ensure that his or her investment does not result into a loss. One easiest way to minimize risks is to invest into only those stocks that belong to the companies that are generally called 'blue chips'. These are the most stable in the market and have little risk of the investment going bad. But, these are also accompanied by a lower rate of return. As a general rule, the higher the risk, the higher the gain, and vice versa. Hence, it is critical for the investor to understand the nature of company he or she is investing into. The risks are required to be kept low but at the same time, the purpose of the investment is to earn profits. This takes us to the discussion around the efficient frontier, which is explained as the optimum portfolio that gives the highest returns while ensuring the security and risk appetite of the investor. This is called as the optimal portfolio or operating at the efficient frontier. Whenever an investor invests into any stock, he or she takes on two broad kinds of risks, known as systematic risk and non-systematic risk. The systematic risk is due to market conditions like interest rate movements, recession in the economy and other factors that are not in the control of the investors. The non-systematic risk, however, is the one that can be reduced to lower levels using various strategies for risk management including diversification. Diversification is defined as keeping one's investments into different securities instead of keeping all money in one stock. This is important since different market conditions affect the stock market differently and this affect does not appear on all stocks in the same fashion. Hence, it is possible that an investor faces huge losses by keeping all the investments in specific stocks. Diversification allows the standard deviation around the desired average investment returns to be minimum which is what is desired from the stock inv estments. Any portfolio that lies on the efficient frontier has least risk and the most optimal return on the investment. Investors should aim to achieve this efficient frontier in order to reap the maximum benefits with least loss expectancy. Hence, the concepts of portfolio risk, portfolio investment theory and efficient frontier are closely tied together. This framework is called Modern Portfolio

Managing The Artist Assignment Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Managing The Artist Assignment - Essay Example However, dissatisfaction by artistes led to filing of suits, which later formed precedent by altering the laws governing music practices. Artist management has to be effective for all the stakeholders in music to benefit. Therefore, there has to be an artist manager who takes the responsibilities to ensure business takes place mutually (Allen, 2011). The person will take charge in planning and other managerial responsibilities. This paper looks at how the report cases influenced the music artist management in the United Kingdom. The cases in this study have caused a shift from the traditional practices in music management for over the last twenty-five years. The judgments of those cases have lead to the establishment of laws guiding relations in the music industry, specifically artist management. All the cases emphasized on the need to shift away from split management, which was common in the UK in the past. In the case of Mills Company as an example, Sullivan received 50% for the co pyright, which later became a precedent in the customs and practices of artist management. Legal authorities nowadays have influence on artist management activities compared to the past (Allen, 2011). In the case above the judge ordered an inquiry into profits made by Mills Company. There are compensations to artists as opposed to the past, from the above case mills is fighting for his empire, which is suffering because of engaging in malpractice. The judgment and laws in place forces him to adhere to requirements when managing artists. According to the case reports music has become a source of livelihood to many individuals in United Kingdom. Allen (2011) states that the music industry has experienced growth over the past years commercially thus promoting professionalism in artist management. The present day artists understand their basic patent rights regarding music and the relations with their managers (Marcone, 2003, p.145). Awareness has made the artists challenge status quo f rom the traditional style of artist management. In the case reports, financial agreements takes place in accordance to the acts stipulated thus alteration to custom and practices, which took place in the past. The case reports clearly highlight management roles in ensuring success to the music industry. All the cases prove that some management duties are more critical like marketing and selling artistry works. The report cases have influenced the present practices by managers whereby signing contracts have become a basic legal requirement before managing an artist (Allen, 2011, p.2). This ensures justice and fairness to all the parties who engage in music in case where a dispute arises. In the report cases, copyright is a sensitive element considered as the major contributor of disputes in music. Financial disagreements are subjective to patent rights when solving cases affecting artist managers (Beeching, 2005). The artists and other individuals in the music industry have the manda tory obligation of recognizing copyright laws as stipulated in the United Kingdom. The copyright law has provision that allows for fair utilization of literature material by all citizens, whereby they have a right to conduct personal research on a piece of music works. The law gives artists managers the right use music from other artists but reciprocate with payment (Allen, 2011, p.186). The United Kingdom lined their copyright law with the international