The Income Inequality Gap Essay - 1123 Words

Recently, studies have shown that income inequality has many connections that have caused the gap in the United States. According to the research I found, income inequality is connected to corruption, trade, wages of workers, and education. The world income inequality had declined since the twentieth century according to the studies found (Clark). Corruption falls increasing on low income individuals more than higher income individuals. Additionally, the trade theory suggests that the free trade might have level up the income inequality higher within countries by the different patterns of wages and demand for workers who are skilled and unskilled (Silva and Leichenko). Moreover, the education of wealthier people has it easier because the†¦show more content†¦Thus, corruption proposes that since the government is spending money away from programs that could benefits more of the lower income individuals. For examples, the government couldn’t provide public goods like ed ucation and health that could help the low income individuals because of the tax system. Yet, the higher income individuals have access to resources that the lower incomes individual don’t have to evade taxes by bribing government officials to lean on their side known as lobbying (Dincer and Gunlap). This research shows that the higher income individuals have a better chance to bribe governments causing the gap in income inequality in the economy because they have the resources to do it. Meanwhile, Silva and Leichenko purpose that free trade has increased the income inequality in the United States economy, but also within other countries. The trade theory research founded by Silva and Leichenko shows that by changing the patterns of the wages and demands for workers that are skilled and unskilled will affect the inequality of income. According to the studies, they found that there is a polarization between the wages of skilled and unskilled workers that has taken a hold of th e income inequality (Silva and Leichenko). Thus, people who are unskilled usually don’t get paid as much as skilled workers because they don’t have the same knowledge level. Stated by Silva and Leichenko, â€Å"advanced countriesShow MoreRelatedLarge Gaps Of Wealth And Income Inequality2159 Words   |  9 Pages LARGE GAPS IN WEALTH AND INCOME INEQUALITY INFLUENCE DEMOCRACY IN THE U.S. Karen Freitas Ashford University September 05th, 2014 Large gaps in wealth and income inequality influence democracy in the United States Human development is majorly concerned with what the state government is doing to make its citizens transform their environment to a productive and creative atmosphere, which can make them acquire all their needs and interests. People are the real wealth of any given nation, thereforeRead MoreIncome Inequality and Society1028 Words   |  5 Pages Income Inequality’s affect on Society Income inequality is on the rise and it is evident in most cities throughout the United States. There are individuals with six to seven figure incomes and then there are individuals whose income is just enough to get by. The middle class is not as prominent as the upper and lower class. This should be the other way around. There should not be so many cities with very wealthy neighborhoods right next door to low class, rundown neighborhoods, with little middleRead MoreThe Context Of Growing Economic Interdependence1672 Words   |  7 Pages(globalisation); inequality is both growing within and between nations. In turn, analysing the following the following statement that â€Å"Inequality can undermine economic, social and perhaps even political stability. It can tear the very fabric that holds society together. We now have firm evidence that a severely skewed income distribution harms the pace and sustainability of growth over the longer term. The growing gap between the rich and poor is now at its highest levels due to wealth disparity, income inequalityRead MoreIncome Inequality And Poverty989 Words   |  4 Pages â€Å"Income inequality has no necessary connection with poverty, the lack of material resources for a decent life, such as adequate food, shelter, and clothing. A society with great income inequality may have no poor people, and a society with no income inequality may have nothing but poor people† - Robert Higgs. When people think of income inequality they picture poverty and people not having basic necessities. However income inequality is not just a connection to the poor. Income inequality is stronglyRead MoreInequality in Social Classes1668 Words   |  7 Pagesin a society full of equality, where everyone would have the same income, house, and social class, in other words a ‘perfect’ world, free of competition, greed, classes, and more importantly inequality. Unfortunately, living i n classless society falls under the category of a utopia, as long as greed exists in the heart of society, inequality and the division between classes is not going to end. As Mary Douglas once stated, â€Å"Inequality can have a bad downside, but equality, for its part, sure does getRead MoreImpact Of The Income Inequality On The American Dream1742 Words   |  7 PagesImpact of the Income Inequality on the American Dream The book called They Say I say with Readings contains multiple articles. However, chapter nineteen focuses on the American Dream. Chapter nineteen, â€Å"What’s Up with the American Dream?† indicates how the article will be focusing on the American Dream. The American Dream changes over the course of time as the income inequality widens between the higher and lower class. Few events occurred that affected the income, which led to a growing gap betweenRead MoreThe American Dream866 Words   |  4 Pagesdue to income inequality: gender pay gap and ethnic wage gap. Income inequality is the unequal distribution of household or individual income across the various participants in an economy, and is often presented as the percentage of income to a percentage of population (Income inequality, Investopedia). In the United States income inequality has increased significantly since the 1970s after several decades of stability, which means the share of the nations income received by higher income householdsRead MoreWealth Inequality in the US with Sociological Viewpoints Essay1102 Words   |  5 PagesWhat is wealth inequality? â€Å"It is the difference between individuals or populations in the distribution of assets, wealth or income.† [1] In sociology, the term is social stratification and refers to â€Å"a system of structured social inequality† [2] where the inequality might be in power, resources, social standing/class or perceived worth. In the US, where a class system exist, (as opposed to caste or estate system) your place in t he class system can be determined by your personal achievements. HoweverRead MoreInequality Between Education And Education Essay1583 Words   |  7 PagesInequality in Education Money Matters The United States had gone through so many changes over the years and with each change we could say that we have become a better nation. Along the way to becoming a better nation, we have gone through highs and lows; however there seems to be a constant low that is now taking a toll on our children. The low may also end up having an effect on our future and that low is inequality in education among minority races and low income students. Low income studentsRead More Increasing the Minimum Wage Will Reduce Income Inequality Essay1252 Words   |  6 Pageswage does not even lift a family out of poverty. -- Jon Corzine Income inequality has been a major problem facing American society for decades, but has recently become a major concern. I personally believe the major gap between the income of the rich and poor is a not just, but is not a major concern for the government and society. If the Federal Government addresses other major concerns facing American citizens the inequality will be adjusted due to other changes. The government needs to step

Challenges Faced By The Crowd Funding - 1232 Words

CROWD FUNDING As a young Indian, I always want India to be filled with people of new innovative, creative and productive ideas and thoughts. And I strongly believe that if these thoughts can be made into actions with the advancements in Information technology, it can heal India’s soaring problems like unemployment, illiteracy to an extent. But recent reports on India’s ‘ease of doing business’ rankings is very alarming. Even after 20 years of economic reforms, India slipped from 131st position in 2013 to 134th position in 2014.Among BRICS countries, India is doing the worst. And among the issues faced by Small, Medium Enterprises which includes startups, credit issues is a main concern. In a recent secondary research done by me in finding credit issues of SMEs, results showed that out of all SMEs, 92.77% have no finance or self-finance. This has really affected the growth of SMEs in India. Even after increase in number of venture capitalists/angel investors to protect new ideas, this result shows that time has been exceeded to find a sustainable solution for this issue. It is said that: â€Å"The mob rushes in where individuals fear to tread† by B.F. Skinner in Walden Two.This has proved true, with the arrival of new idea of financing: ’Crowd Funding’. Crowd funding is:†the collective cooperation, attention and trust by people who network and pool their money and other resources together, usually via the internet to supportShow MoreRelatedWhat Are The Current Health Setbacks In Healthcare840 Words   |  4 Pagespay for their medical expenditure, alternative methods of fundraising, like crowd funding, have emerged and seen rapid growth in India. Such Platforms offer fundraising assistance to cover any kind of medical treatment. While most of the patients and their families waste their precious time running behind the banks and insurance companies to get their treatment done, some people have started opting for the crowd funding, that enables them to raise money or funds from their friends, family, and variousRead MoreMan aging Information System5955 Words   |  24 PagesIntroduction 2 1.1 Definition of crowd funding 2 1.2 The history of crowd funding 3 1.3 Objectives of Research 4 2.0 Review of literatures 5 2.1 Awareness about crowd funding mechanism 5 2.2 Legal Challenges 8 2.2.1 Navigating the Prospectus Rules 8 2.2.2 Information Requirements Often Overlooked 8 2.2.3 Role of Crowd funding Platforms and Further Considerations 8 2.3 Finance Challenges 9 2.4 Interest rate 10 2.5 Success factors 11 2.5.1 Crowd funding fit 12 2.5.2 Realistic pricingRead MoreAbraham Lincoln : The Greatest Leaders Of All Time818 Words   |  4 Pagesto those he/she wishes to inspire. 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In 2011, when the financial markets authority act 2011 (FMC ACT) hasRead MoreThe Education Of Higher Education1605 Words   |  7 Pagesunparalleled. To stay competitive and expand the current education horizon, different types of institutions, evolve and prioritize differently to ensure the best education quality to targeted students. However, today Higher Education is facing more challenges and critiques than at any other point in history. Indeed, when encountering the unavoidable struggle between pleasing students and following government regulations, colleges start to rouse from their academic wish-fulfillment fantasies and realizeRead MorePersonal Statement : Sports Management Program Essay1625 Words   |  7 Pagesopportunity to get involved into the sport a little more. This is the how the sport sector has maintained a sustainability with many grounds and stadiums being built at residential areas drawing a huge crowd to watch and play any sport. With the growing business there are several challenges faced in normal conditions. Also with so much money invested in this sector there is a possibility and pressure to break the ethical lines. This sector involves a large number of people from sponsors to spectatorsRead MoreAge Restrictions And Opening Doors1442 Words   |  6 Pagesarchitect-designed children’s room also opened in 1896 at the Pratt Institute Library and according to supervising librarian Mary Wright Plummer, Pratt’s children’s room was built â€Å"chiefly to relieve the pressure of circulation in the delivery-room and to prevent crowds of children from annoying the adult borrowers† (Kimball, 2014, p. 492). Librarians wrote and spoke about the ideal furnishing and equipment of children’s reading rooms, which needed to serve a distinct purpose from existing adult reading rooms. WalterRead MoreJane Miller s Purpose For Running For The Election1104 Words   |  5 Pagescounterpart, Bill White, because â€Å"he was protective of business interests and committed to keeping taxes low in Texas - even if the resulting cutbacks are painful. That gave him chances over his democratic counterpart who was more concerned about education funding and Public Utility of Texas. (Peter Hamby, CNN 2010). Texas has been known to be a Republican state for ages and I think that is the reason why Rick Perry still got a chance of winning that Bill White. â€Å"Republicans in statewide races have a built-inRead MoreMy Time At Templestowe College1919 Words   |  8 Pagesand an adaptive change in the interview process they were able to decrease turnover and employ the majority of teachers with similar ideals and perception of the future direction of the college. This shows Peters ability to adapt as a leader when faced with adversity within the school’s community, however it’s not necessarily the ideal outcome as there was still many teachers severely dejected by his strategies, a common contention that leaders face as is it is near impossible to engage and inspireRead MoreLast Man Standing : Politics Texas Style1593 Words   |  7 Pageswhat people said and try to make few changes if he is able to win the race. These two candidates were very competitive with one another an d both wanted to achieve the same goal. The entire state representative race is very close and filled with challenges for both candidates to overcome. While watching the documentary, Patrick Rose is stumbled up upon many obstacles while trying to gain voters to vote for him. One common issue that he came across is that his age wasn’t quite met to the standards

Video Transcript of Business Model

Question: Discuss about the Video Transcript of Business Model. Answer: Video Transcript Good morning audiences, this is a video about the nature of the business models used by different companies in order to carry out their business. The video will describe about the concept business model and the views of the three scholars Kodama, Amit and Zott while defining the business models in the various business perspectives. The business models described over here contains various building blocks like channels, customer relationship, customer segments, key resources, key activities and key partners. The video will describe about the views of the scholars regarding the procedures adopted by various companies by using these models. Now, it will elaborate the concept of a business model. A business model is defined as systematic activities that depend on one another while surpassing the firm. However, a business model is known as a profit model. According to Kodama, innovation and integration is the core part of the business model. New knowledge creation is related to the internal knowledge, external knowledge which is a part of the knowledge integration model. For instance, Google is a company that runs on innovation and its business model runs on the knowledge integration model. Google market system consists of search engine and paid advertisement system for earning profit for the company. The search engine of Google is an innovation of Google that is a free service to the customers. On the other hand, the advertisement is a paid service of the company. As per Zott, business model used by Toyota is a perfect example of a sustainable business model. Business model of Toyota consists of partnership that brings a substantial profit to the business as well as to the business sustainability approaches. It increases the viability of the business with the other environmental factors outside the firm. It can be concluded that the real market is referred to as the market system that has an impact on the companys profitability.

Macro Economics - Two of the Four Dragons - Hong Kong and Singapore free essay sample

Two of the Four Dragons Mary Carroll ECON224-1101A-14 March 13, 2011 Two of the Four Dragons Hong Kong has a unique history as they were occupied by the United Kingdom (UK) for approximately 99 years beginning in 1841. An agreement was reached in 1984 between China and the UK where Hong Kong would go back under Chinese rule with some unique exceptions. Hong Kong would operate under China’s â€Å"one country, two systems† formula for the next 50 years. Ultimately this meant China’s socialist society would not be forced on Hong Kong allowing their autonomy for the next 50 years, except in matters of foreign and defense affairs. On December 19, 1984, a new agreement was signed between China and the UK transferring the rule of Hong Kong back over to China. It took some time to develop the specifics of governance and Hong Kong officially came under China on July 1, 1997. This day is celebrated as Hong Kong Special Administrative Region Establishment Day (Central Intelligence Agency, 2011). We will write a custom essay sample on Macro Economics Two of the Four Dragons Hong Kong and Singapore or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page For now Hong Kong operates under a free market economy and highly dependent on international trade and finance. The value of their goods and services exported (including re-exports) are four times the GDP. Hong Kong’s GDP in comparison to the world is number 47 and in 2010 their official exchange rate in 2010 was estimated at $226. 5 billion with 5. 7% GDP significantly improving from -2. 8% GDP in 2009. In 2008 the GDP per capita was $44,800 and then declined in 2009 with the global economic downturn to $43,400 GDP (PPP) and then improving to $45,600 in 2010. Hong Kong made a quick recovery after the global financial economic crisis beginning in Q4 of 2009 and grew 10% in 2010 (Central Intelligence Agency). Hong Kong has an extremely low debt, low tariffs and minimal corruption and is considered to be one of the most economically free countries ( Hernandez, 2009). Hong Kong grew from a relatively backward economy prior to the 1970’s to what is considered today as a Newly Industrialized Economies (NIE). This rapid growth occurred in a relatively short period of time and the question is how Hong Kong continues its path of economic freedom. Hong Kong’s key industries are banking and tourism and what manufacturing they previously did under the UK they have now transferred to their mainland (Dave, 2007). The first recommendation to continue the growth of Hong Kong would be to invest in Research and Development establishing itself as a new center of growth to advance technology and its overall intellectual property. This would open the door for investors to tap into new opportunities of growth specifically in the technology industry. The second area to increase growth would be in advancement of the first by increasing secondary level education and building up technological training as Hong Kong has lagged behind in this arena. Recognizing that Human Capital Management is equally important as advancing technology, where there is a highly skilled and highly demanded workforce to accompany the growth and expansion from R D. Thirdly, it is critical to keep the governmental regulations and involvements in trade, banking, R D, education, etc†¦to the right balance. The lack of involvement and regulations allowed items that should have been advancing go unchecked. Finding the right balance of intervention, specific to technology and education is a key for economic growth; Hong Kong is the gateway to China and has the opportunity to advance in these areas and open up newer markets (Dave). Based on the three items of growth selected, the â€Å"Slow Growth† formula would be applicable as it focuses on technological economic progress. This model may very well be the best to apply for a NIE as it takes a more standard, traditional approach to growth where a fast pace approach has preceded. The key components of this model include growth of the labor market, capital input and total factor productivity. By putting an increased focus on R D and technology this will incite investors to keep at the newly governed country’s table and open doors for learning and development which could progress Hong Kong’s workforce into the future (Dave). There are four countries that have been linked together and dubbed as â€Å"Asia’s Four Little Dragons† and they are Hong Kong, Taiwan, South Korean and Singapore. In addition to experiencing extreme growth and rapid industrialization between the 1960’s – and 1990’s these ‘Four Asian Tigers† have in common a very strong Chinese cultural influence (â€Å"Four asian tigers†, nd). For the purpose of the paper, we will shift our focus to Singapore, one of the other dragons. Unlike Hong Kong, Singapore’s growth focused on electronics, information technology, and pharmaceuticals. The real GDP growth averaged 7. 1% for a period of four years from 2004-2008 and like other countries took a hit with the global financial crisis. Singapore rebounded to 14. 7% GDP in 2010. Singapore has grown its financial services sector and is now known as one of Southeast Asia’s high tech centers (Central Intelligence Agency). Singapore’s low unemployment rate of 2. % combined with their GDP – per capita (PPP) has risen to $57,200 in 2010 creating a reputation for a type of lifestyle enjoyed by the ‘middle class’. Singapore economy has flourished in the electronics and information technology sector but with neighborhood competitors taking their share in this market the time to identify new growth strategies are critical. Singapore has relied h eavily on major corporations making their home in this land to take advantage of lower wages and overall investment and this creates significant risks. To continue its economic growth, Singapore can leverage several economic strategies. First, restructure the taxes, service fee cuts to expand the economy by increasing domestic consumption and investment by the private sector by increasing their benefits in items like education and healthcare. Next, diversify and promote growth in lifestyle industries like tourism, building new resorts, attractions such as the Formula One Race and future planned state-of-the-art Sports Hub to be completed in 2012 and a National Art Gallery in 2013. As well as continue to establish Singapore as a technology hub by continued investment in innovation (â€Å"Singapore’s new growth engines†, 2009). Lastly, work closely the Monetary Authority to ensure the appropriate monetary policies are in place to manage inflation and keep exports in balance. Some economist expects the â€Å"Monetary Authority of Singapore to allow a faster pace of currency appreciation and the central bank which uses its currency rather than interest rates to manage price gains, forecast inflation will average between 3 percent and 4 percent in 2011†, (Adams, 2011). Singapore’s is one of the most open economies in the world and choosing to leverage the economic strategy of a ‘Demand Economy’ by continuing to diversify it’s trade is key. Already, trade is three times the size of their GDP and external demand generates more than three fourths of the economy’s total demand. Singapore also enjoys one of the largest ports in the world and can export with ease. Unlike its sister tiger, Hong Kong who has yet to invest in new technologies, R D and education; Singapore can now reap the benefits of a demand economic strategy versus a slow growth one (Singapores engines of, 2010). The similarities between these â€Å"Four Asian Tigers† have remarkably impacted their overall economic models driven highly by an export versus import model. They are known in the west by their inexpensive but productive workforce. These countries have been able to keep agricultural workers satisfied by promoting land reform and property rights and ensuring benefits supporting the agricultural policies. Ultimately keeping unemployment very low, focusing on exports and trade to wealthier countries and interestingly enough close ties to the US (â€Å"Four asian tigers†). | References Central Intelligence Agency, (2011). The world fact book (ISSN 1553-8133). Washington, DC: Retrieved from https://www. cia. gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/geos/hk. html Dave, T. (2007, July 9). A study on technological progress and economic growth in hong kong. Retrieved from http://www. associatedcontent. com/article/299876/a_study_on_technological_progress_and_pg3. html? cat=9 Hernandez, F. (2009, June 12). Top 5 most economically free countries in the world. Retrieved from http://www. associatedcontent. om/article/1826317/top_5_most_economically_free_countries_pg2. html? cat=3 Singapores new growth engines a stimulant to lifestyle industry. (2009, October 1). Retrieved from http://www. articlesbase. com/art-and-entertainment-articles/singapores-new-growth-engines-a-stimulant-to-lifestyle-industry-1289339. html Adam, S. (2011, March 11). Singapore’s economy may expand 5. 7% this year, central bank survey shows. Retrieved from http://www. bloomberg. com/news/2011-03-09/singapore-s-economy-may-expand-5-7-this-year-central-bank-survey-shows. html Singapores engines of growth. (2010,

Solutions to Social Problems Essays

Solutions to Social Problems Essays Solutions to Social Problems Essay Solutions to Social Problems Essay In Solutions to Social Problems From the Bottom Up: Successful Social Movements by D. Stanley Eitzen and Kenneth Stewart, a light is shone on how incredibly powerful social movements may be. The United States has been no stranger to social movements and the influential leaders that have made them known. The novel describes in detail the various accounts that African Americans, women and other minorities fought for equal rights in the United States and even around the world. The first three chapters of the novel reveal a few articles that expand on a few of the major social movements in the United States and exactly how they have affected modern day. Direct action today may not always be as obvious as the actions taken during the early social movements but they are constantly present in our everyday life whether it is realized or not. It is clear through the reading that the actions during these movements were life altering for not only that time but for the future. The direct actions of our generation will shape those generations ahead of us. In the novel the first three chapters introduce some of the most powerful and successful movements in the United States. The first chapter breaks down what a social movement is and how an issue can become a social movement. It also reveals why social movements are actually necessary for society. The chapter explains how people of the minority, whether it is race or religion or sexuality, have constantly fought with the oppressors of society for equal rights. It defines a social movement as the collective attempt to promote, resist or reverse change. It goes on to explain that the key to any successful social movement is ideology. The ideology provides the goals and rationale for the movement, brings together minorities for a common cause and brings the action to attention for all individuals who believe in the fight. The chapter also breaks down the three types of social movements. There are resistance movements which resist change, for example the anti-abortion activists. There are reform movements that want to change a specific part of society like women’s rights or gay rights. And there are revolutionary movements who are looking for radical and drastic changes like the situation with Fidel Castro in Cuba or the American Revolution. The chapter also reveals the steps of a social movement. The first step is to attract members for the cause; second step is to focus on the fight which usually takes place after an outrageous act is performed against the group. The third step is to become an organization, with leaders and roles for the members. The final step may or may not occur. The fourth and final step is to integrate the movement into society. This will only happen if the movement has been successful however. In the chapter Howard Zinn and David Meyer give both past and present day examples of successful social movements. Zinn looks into those who protested the war in Vietnam. He focuses on the May 1970 sit down protest where activists sat down in front of the buses deporting soldiers to make a statement. Meyer gives an example that more recently occurred. In January 2003 tens of thousands of people marched into Washington to protest the invasion on Iraq. Both Zinn and Meyer explain that even the smallest actions can change the world. By coming together and taking a stand it may make the government and the rest of society take notice and make a change. The second chapter gets into more detail about some of the history’s most infamous and important movements. It focuses on the Civil Rights Movement, Women’s Rights Movement and the Gay Rights Movement. The first article in this chapter by Taylor Branch gives an example of a peaceful protest during the Civil Rights Movement. In Greensboro, it began with black college students sitting at the white counter refusing to move until they were served, and ended up a nationwide action with groups all across the south imitating them. It often resulted in the arrests of many black people but they were determined to be heard and often many of them chose jail over community service. Their actions may not have made a drastic change then, but the impact it had on the future is astounding. The second article by Charles Wilson reveals the struggles of the disabled people. In September 1984 a dozen men and women in wheel chairs rolled in front a city bus and refused to move. They were trying to bring attention to the lack of transportation for disabled people in the city. The article reveals how many people wait hours and hours sometimes in the cold or rain to be given a ride somewhere they need to go. The protest occurred in a few city buses, determined to make their voices heard. Each member of the protest wore a name tag that read: Hi My Name is Rosa Parks. This small gesture proves that the actions taken by Rosa Parks and Martin Luther King Jr. and so many other activists made an immense impact on the future. The third chapter focuses on the effects of these movements and how people are still benefiting from them today. In this chapter examples of the Dorr Rebellion and how women won the right to vote are discussed as well as the Mississippi Freedom Summer. The main point of each article in this chapter is to show how much of an impact people in these movements and in the past have had on our future. Without Dorr’s fight for the equality to vote among the white men it would not have led to African Americans earning the right to vote or women’s right to vote. Women’s right to vote is also due to the strong fight of Susan B. Anthony. It is a ripple effect. Each movement made strides and changes in society only to raise the awareness of new ones to improve on. The tragic losses of the Freedom Summer in Mississippi revealed to the North and the rest of the South how horrific the tension between whites and blacks was becoming and it made people realize it needed to be stopped. Without the fearlessness of people like Rosa Parks, Martin Luther King Jr. , Susan B. Anthony and many more activist leaders our society today would have a lot more social problems. Direct action can be defined as any action seeking to achieve an immediate or direct result, especially an action against an established authority or powerful institution such as by strike or picketing. Direct action can be anything from a peaceful march to protest, to angry picketers chanting and refusing to work or support the issue they are protesting. An example of direct action could be the picketers and protesters that stand outside of Women’s clinics where abortions are performed. In extreme cases, girls and women that go into the clinic get screamed at and bombarded with accusations and threatening words telling them not to kill their baby. On the other hand you may find pro choice activists arguing back, holding signs and protesting for women to have their own choice. One of the most well known forms of direct action occurred in the Civil Rights Movement. It began with a woman named Rosa Parks refusing to give up her seat for a white person and snowballed into a social movement that would change our country. The leader of the Civil Rights Movement, Martin Luther King Jr. believed in non-violent forms of direct actions which is why a majority of the protests that occurred in the Civil Rights Movement were sit-ins or peaceful marches and rallies. Direct action has been around as long as there have been struggles in world. It can be violent or non violent and focus on a broad range of topics. In his book, Direct Action, William Mellor believed that direct action occurred between the workplace and employees. He gave examples of lockouts, strikes and picketing and even sabotage in order for workers or employers to get what they want. U. S. anarchist and feminist Voltairine de Cleyre on the other hand believed that direct action focused more on civil rights. As it turns out, they are both correct. Today you see workers going on strike for better wages or better treatment and you also see people demanding for civil rights. The most popular and controversial protest of modern day is gay rights. Even in such modern time there are still many people who oppose homosexuality. The struggle for equal rights, mainly the right to be married, is still ongoing for homosexuals. They have not given up the fight however, even making progress in the few states that have legalized gay marriage. Today there are vast numbers of activist groups that are taking direct action to make changes in society. Even with all the hard work from Rosa Parks, Martin Luther King Jr. and Susan B. Anthony there are still social problems today. With the change of one thing comes an issue of another. Today there are the social problems of the War in Iraq, the abortion dilemma, gay marriage dilemma, health care reform and so much more. No matter how far in the future we go, there will always be a social problem that will require the direct action of those who strongly believe in it. After reading this novel by D. Stanley Eitzen and Kenneth Stewart, I was once again amazed at the brave actions taken by the leaders in our past and present. I never realized the importance social movements have on our society. The Civil Rights Movement led to African Americans earning equality, the Dorr Rebellion earned all white men the right to vote which led to the movements of Women’s Voting Rights and African American’s voting rights. With these movements resolved the nation looked more closely at how it can change and the workplace was improved as was the equality of women and men. Today without these movements the world would be a far less amazing place. Today thanks to the bravery of activist leaders and members who took a stand on the important issues and refused to back down, men and women can work the same job, they can both vote in elections. African Americans are part of our society and we now embrace minorities as regular people just like anyone else. We were able to make historical changes then, and I hope we are able to make them now as well. There are still important issues that are being raised. It is time for our generation and future generations to step up and follow in the footsteps of those before us. The War in Iraq needs to be resolved, the abortion dilemma needs to end and what about global warming and our quickly deteriorating environment. Most importantly, gay rights to need to be recognized at last. No one should be able to say no to a gay couple who wants to get married. A gay man should be able to fight for his country and still be proud of his partner or sexuality without having to hide it as part of the Don’t Ask Don’t Tell. This issue is important to me and if we were able to change this then it would have a huge impact on the future. Reading this novel, I felt inspired to make a change. Everyone needs to take a stand for something they believe in. If everyone were to do so, the world would be a much better place, and who knows, maybe one day far in the future we can all live peacefully and happily without any more social conflicts. Direct Action. N. p. , 20 Apr. 2010. Web. 11 Apr. 2010. . Eitzen, D, Stanley, and Kenneth Stewart. Solutions to Social Problems from the Bottom up: Successful Social Movements. Boston: Pearson, 2007. Print. Social Movement. N. p. , 2 Apr. 2008. Web. 13 Apr. 2010. .

Biography of Journalist C Wright Mills

Biography of Journalist C Wright Mills Charles  Wright Mills (1916-1962), popularly known as C. Wright Mills, was a mid-century sociologist and journalist. He is known and celebrated for his critiques of contemporary power structures, his spirited treatises on how sociologists should study social problems and engage with society, and his critiques of the field of sociology and academic professionalization of sociologists.   Early Life and Education Mills was born on August 28, 1916, in Waco, Texas. Because his father was a salesman, the family  moved a lot and lived in many places throughout Texas while Mills was growing up, and as a result, he lived a relatively isolated life with no intimate or continuous relationships. Mills began his university career at Texas AM University but completed only one year. Later, he attended the University of Texas at Austin, where he completed a bachelors degree in sociology  and a masters degree in philosophy in 1939. By this point, Mills had positioned himself as an important figure in sociology by publishing in the fields two leading journals (American Sociological Review  and  American Journal of Sociology) while still a student. Mills earned a Ph.D. in sociology from the University of Wisconsin-Madison in 1942, where his dissertation focused on pragmatism and the sociology of knowledge. Career Mills began his professional career as an Associate Professor of Sociology at the University of Maryland, College Park in 1941, and served there for four years. During this time, he began to practice public sociology by writing journalistic articles for outlets including  The New Republic,  The New Leader, and  Politics. Following his post in Maryland, Mills took a position as a research associate at Columbia Universitys Bureau of Applied Social Research. The following year, he was made  assistant professor  in the universitys sociology department and by 1956, had been promoted to the rank of Professor. During the 1956-57 academic year, Mills had the honor of serving as a Fulbright lecturer at the University of Copenhagen. Contributions and Accomplishments The major focus of Millss work was the subjects of  social inequality, the power of elites and their control of society, the shrinking  middle class, the relationship between individuals and society, and the importance of historical perspective as a key part of sociological thinking. Millss most influential and famous work,  The Sociological Imagination  (1959),  describes how one should approach the world if one wants to see and understand as a sociologist does. He emphasizes the importance of seeing the connections between individuals and everyday life and the greater social forces that constitute and course through society, and the importance of understanding our contemporary lives and social structure in historical context. Mills argued that doing so was an important part of coming to understand that what we often perceive as personal troubles are in fact public issues. In terms of contemporary social theory and critical analysis,  The Power Elite  (1956) was a very important contribution made by Mills. Like other critical theorists of that time, Mills was concerned with the rise of a techno-rationality and intensified bureaucratization following World War II. This book serves as a compelling account of how military, industrial/corporate, and government elites created and how they maintain a closely interlocked power structure that controls society to their benefit at the expense of the majority. Other key works by Mills include From  Max Weber: Essays in Sociology  (1946),  The  New Men of Power  (1948),  White Collar  (1951), Character and Social Structure: The Psychology of Social  (1953),  The Causes of World War Three  (1958), and  Listen, Yankee  (1960). Mills is also credited with introducing the term New Left when he penned an open letter in 1960 to the leftists of the day. Personal Life Mills was married four times to three women and had one child with each. He married Dorothy Helen Freya Smith in 1937. The two divorced in 1940 but remarried in 1941, and had a daughter, Pamela, in 1943. The couple divorced again in 1947, and that same year Mills married Ruth Harper, who also worked at the Bureau of Applied Social Research at Columbia. The two also had a daughter, Kathryn, who was born in 1955. Mills and Harper separated after her birth and divorced in 1959. Mills was married for a fourth time in 1959 to Yaroslava Surmach, an artist. Their son Nikolas was born in 1960. Throughout these years, Mills was reported to have had many extramarital affairs and was known for being combative with his colleagues and peers. Death Mills suffered from a prolonged heart condition in his adult life and survived three heart attacks before finally succumbing to a fourth on March 20, 1962. Legacy Mills is remembered as a deeply important American sociologist whose work is essential to how students are taught about the field and the practice of sociology. In 1964, he was honored by the Society for the Study of Social Problems with the creation of the annual C. Wright Mills Award.

The Educational Programs and Specifications Assignment

The Educational Programs and Specifications - Assignment Example Developing educational specifications provides a means of communication between educators and architects. These purposes as identified by the North Carolina State Board of Education, 2002 are outlined below I. It shapes the individual thought which enables the person to reach a consensus before taking it to be designed.Normally, writing these specifications gives the staff an opportunity to collect and analyze information about the methods of teaching, the utilization of space furniture and equipment and other variables relating to teaching. This is vital for it enables the teachers to prepare adequately giving quality services to the students. (Alonsabe, 2010) II. It also acts as a means of public relations. This implies that it seeks the active participation of the members of the community that involves parents to support the school. Normally, representatives of community agencies are also consulted in the process. (Alonsabe, 2010) III. Finally, it provides a continuous and final evaluation. It has a tangible statement where the various stages of the design process can be evaluated. This is accomplished through the continuous dialogue of education program which exists between the architect and the educators. (Alonsabe, 2010) I. This body identifies the educational program and space needs for all schools without partiality. The program is checked to ensure that it follows the general rule of teaching to ensure that there is quality. II. The body provides equity and parity in terms of the general rules for the designing process. This also entails having the same vision and guidelines for all facilities. This is important in the harmonizing the general teaching strategy to ensure all students at a particular level gain the same quality education. III. It provides regularity of elements i.e. Equipment to be used, Lighting in the building and the general finishes.  

Different Contemporary Management Issues Faced By Global Organizations Essay

Different Contemporary Management Issues Faced By Global Organizations - Essay Example The discussion is mainly focused on a particular management issue i.e. the effect of legislation on the current workforce and management. Changing legislation to the organizations and workforce is one of the major issues faced by the human resource management. Besides the federal legislation, each state owns specific employment law and regulations which affect the functionality of human resources. The changes in federal laws generally impact the HR management of large to medium-sized organizations. Human resources managers need to be well-versed with the challenges of these ever-changing employment and workforce legislation to reduce the liabilities of organizations in different aspects of human resources operations. The recent development of minimum wages law is providing some added pressure to different organizations. The US federal minimum wages act was first introduced during the depression of 1933. At that time the federal government increased the minimum wages from 25 cents to $7 per hour. By the year of 2013, the minimum wages for workers in small and medium US industries has increased by $9.47 per hour. Similarly, the federal law has conveyed that the minimum wages of employees in large industries need to be increased to $ 11 per hour by the end of 2015. Though the wage hike has been proved to be beneficial for the employee loyalty and motivation programs, it is also adversely affecting the overall expenses and profit margin of organizations. Various businesses in the US market are facing different challenges due to this rise in the wage structure. The HR management of the Subway franchisees in Seattle is worried about the increase in organizational cost by $250 per week in terms of employee salaries. The strategic managers of Washington Lodging Association are still very confused about the effect of this legislation on the overall business activity of the organization.

Diseased Body in Wuthering Heights Essay Example for Free

Diseased Body in Wuthering Heights Essay In Wuthering Heights by Emily Bronte it can be viewed that there is â€Å"more suffering caused by a diseased mind than by a diseased body.† The idea of a â€Å"diseased mind† is a mental illness or madness and the â€Å"diseased body† is a physical illness or injury, both of which are displayed by many characters in Wuthering Heights. Heathcliff is a prime example of a character with a â€Å"diseased mind† that causes him suffering. He spends the majority of his life contemplating and acting out revenge towards Hindley and the Lintons because he believes it was their fault Catherine thought it would â€Å"degrade† her to marry Heathcliff, even though she loved him; this is one example of his unstable mind set. In chapter 9 Nelly foreshadows the suffering of Heathcliff by saying â€Å"if you [Catherine] are his choice, he’ll be the most unfortunate creature,† this is because Nelly understands that society wouldn’t accept the pair to marry, therefore Heathcliff will be unfortunately heartbroken. Heathcliff believes that Catherine is a part of him: â€Å"I cannot live without my soul,† he says which highlights that he is suffering without her. It is from this heartbreak and suffering that his â€Å"diseased mind† commenced. Heathcliff’s â€Å"diseased mind† heightens when he asks for Catherine to â€Å"haunt† him when she is dead; haunting is an element of the Gothic genre but the madness of Heathcliff is enhanced when he requests that Catherine drives him â€Å"mad.† The word â€Å"mad† is ambiguous in this quotation because it could be viewed that Heathcliff wants to be haunted until he is angry with Catherine so he can destroy his love for her. An alternative view is that Heathcliff wants to be haunted until he is insane and suffering since he is desperate to see Catherine, this becomes true because after Catherine’s death Heathcliff’s mind is haunted by his love for her. Jerold E. Hogle explains this is accurate because characters in Gothic novels are â€Å"haunted psychologically† and this is accurately shown through the character of Heathcliff. His mind is â€Å"diseased† by his separation from Catherine due to her choice of partner and her death, which causes him and everyone in the novel immense suffering because of his vengeance. Heathcliff’s unconditional love causes Catherine’s â€Å"melancholy† â€Å"mental state† because it is overwhelming and she is in love with him but a  Victorian society wouldn’t accept their relationship because of the Heathcliff’s very low class, which would result in them being â€Å"beggars.† Catherine has â€Å"a peculiar expression arising from her mind set† before she tells Heathcliff â€Å"you have killed me,† this highlights her â€Å"diseased mind† and the suffering it is causing her because she hasn’t died yet but it could be interpreted that she feels as though she has which emphasises her suffering, but also her madness. The â€Å"peculiar expression† that Catherine is described to have could be because she was â€Å"thinking†¦ of Wuthering Heights.† The â€Å"expression† could be interpreted as a smile, which would be â€Å"peculiar† to Nelly because she has been depressed living with Edgar, therefore a smile would be unusual; David Punter explains â€Å"Gothic reminds us we are driven by our passions† and Catherine’s passion is Heathcliff, which would explain her â€Å"expression† when thinking about Wuthering Heights. This idea of Catherine’s thought process in her â€Å"diseased mind† emphasises her pain and suffering because she cannot be without Heathcliff, her â€Å"soul,† yet she is continuously thinking about him, this is essentially what drives her insane. Catherine’s mental suffering is closely linked with her physical suffering which is an example that represents the â€Å"diseased body† in Wuthering Heights. Another character with a â€Å"diseased body† in Wuthering Heights is Isabella, whose â€Å"bruised† body is a valid example of suffering. Heathcliff’s â€Å"diseased mind† causes him to abuse Isabella which leads to her suffering and her injured body

Loneliness Essay -- Journalistic Essays

To be lonely is an easy thing, being alone is another matter entirely. To understand this, first one must understand the difference between loneliness and being alone. To be alone means that your are not in the company of anyone else. You are one. But loneliness can happen anytime, anywhere. You can be lonely in a crowd, lonely with friends, lonely with family. You can even be lonely while with loved ones. For feeling lonely, is in essence a feeling of being alone. As thought you were one and you feel as though you will always be that way. Loneliness can be one of the most destructive feelings humans are capable of feeling. For loneliness can lead to depression, suicide, and even to raging out and hurting friends and/or strangers. The second major problem with loneliness is that it can be a very difficult feeling to lose, especially if it has already progressed into depression. There are, of course, drug therapies, but unless the problems are hormonal or chemical in nature, they will not serve the purpose of treating the longer term problem. The proper treatment of ...

An Hour To Live, An Hour To Love’s Summary Essay

â€Å"An Hour to Live, an Hour to Love† was written based on a true story of the best gift ever given. Richard Carlson wrote the letter ‘an hour to live’ to his wife, Kristine Carlson as their 18th anniversary gift. Three years letter, Richard passed away and Kristine wrote a reply ‘an hour to love’ as a tribute to the authenticity of Richard’s wisdom. Richard mostly talked about his life throughout his marriage but it portrays reality as I read the book. He took Stephen Levine’s quote as an inspiration which says, â€Å"If you had an hour to live and could make just one phone call, who would it be to, what would you say†¦ and why are you waiting?† We all will eventually die, so he said in life we might want to jump ahead and look back to have a clearer view and precious what we have now when there is still plenty of time. If he has an hour to live, he would have called his life partner, Kris. Kristine helped him not to take himself or life very seriously. She changed Richard’s life while in college. He was a college tennis player but he plays to please the people who saw the potential in him. The problem is his heart was not into tennis, not anymore at least. So, it was Kristine who taught him to listen to his heart and encouraged him to make the big turning point in his life by quitting tennis. To have left one hour to live, Richard wishes he would already say goodbye to his friends and family. He would love to tell Kris how much he loves her for she has been there all along during his highest highs and lowest lows. He loves how Kristine will help remind him when he forgot to listen. He admires Kristine for how she showers love on their family and being incredibly kind to other people too. He wonders Kristine’s ability to never sweat the small stuffs. For Richard, Kristine’s love is unconditional as during his lowest lows in life when he was struggling from his writing career and wishes things he shouldn’t have but Kristine took it all very calmly. All she did was listened to him without judging and showed him that they are still blessed with healthy children and that’s all that matters. When he was grieving upon his grandma’s death, Kristine calmed him down just by being there for him. He thought Kristine’s humanity is amazing as when Richard has always sweated over all the small stuffs, she taught him that â€Å"we always teach best what we most need to learn.† If he could live his life again, he would like to spend less time talking and more time listening. Then, he would spend far less energy wanting things he didn’t have, and far more energy enjoying what  he already has. Moreover, if he could live his life over again, he would rarely if ever be in such a hurry and let happiness catches up to him instead of chasing down happiness. And for him, that’s what Kristine has always been able to do, which is to be present with him. He also would never put off so easily and so often what he wanted to do. Finally, if he is given the chance to live his life over, he wishes to be more loving to Kris and to everyone else and expect far le ss in return. And why are you waiting? He mentioned his girl who says, â€Å"Mommy I get another of these?† Which means, I get another day to live? It gives Richard goose bumps every time he heard that but he admires a child’s gratitude towards life. Richard is not saying that neither obligations and responsible in life is not important, nor your goals, ambitions, dreams and obstacles to overcome but he is teaching us to start appreciating things that make us happy and content, things we will talk about during our final hour of life. He wanted people to realize before it’s too late.

Marketing Environment Essay

The Marketing Environment Learning Objectives 1. Describe the environmental forces that affect the company’s ability to serve its customers. 2. Explain how changes in the demographic and economic environments affect marketing decisions. 3. Identify the major trends in the firm’s natural and technological environments. 4. Explain the key changes in the political and cultural environments. 5. Discuss how companies can react to the marketing environment. Chapter Overview In order to correctly identify opportunities and monitor threats, the company must begin with a thorough understanding of the marketing environment in which the firm operates. The marketing environment consists of all the factors and forces outside marketing that affect the marketing management’s ability to develop and maintain successful relation ¬ships with its target customers. Though these factors and forces may vary depending on the specific company and industrial group, they can generally be divided into broad microenvironmental and macroenvironmental components. For most companies, the microenvironmental components are: the company, suppliers, marketing channel firms (intermediaries), customer markets, competitors, and publics. The macroenvironmental components are thought to be: demographic, economic, natural, technological, political, and cultural forces. The wise marketing manager knows that he or she cannot always affect environmental forces. Smart managers can take a proactive, rather than reactive, approach to the marketing environment. As a company’s marketing management collects and processes data on these environ-ments, it must be ever vigilant in its efforts to apply what it learns to developing opportunities and dealing with threats. Studies have shown that excellent companies not only have a keen sense of customer but an appreciation of the environmental forces swirling around them. By constantly looking at the dynamic changes that are occurring in the aforementioned environments, companies are better prepared to adapt to change, prepare long-range strategy, meet the needs of today’s and tomorrow’s customers, and compete with the intense competition present in the global marketplace. Chapter Outline 1. The Company’s Microenvironment The Company a. In designing marketing plans, marketing management takes other company groups into account. These interrelated groups form the internal environment. b. Marketing managers must work closely with other company departments. Suppliers c. Suppliers form an important link in the company’s overall customer value delivery system. d. Marketing managers must watch supply availability. They also monitor the price trends of their key inputs. e. Most marketers today treat their suppliers as partners in creating and delivering customer value. Marketing Intermediaries f. Marketing intermediaries help the company to promote, sell, and distribute its goods to final buyers. i. Resellers are distribution channel firms that help the company find customers or make sales to them. ii.

Marco Polo essays

Marco Polo essays Marco polo was born 1254 AD and died 1324 AD. He was a traveler and author and his experiences in China influenced interest in Asian trade. Marco polo was born in Venice. Venice was a very important center of trade in medieval Europe many of the goods that were traded include silk porclin and other goods from china. Very little is known about Marco pools early life. Marco polo probably received a typical education included in read, write, and calculate. Marco Polos writings are the primary source of information about the travels of his father and uncle, Niccoli and Maffeo Polo, who were jewel merchants. Marcos father, Niccoli left on an exploring venture when Marcos mother was pregnant with Marco. They left Venice in 1260 on a commercial venture to the Black Sea ports of Constantinople. In 1262 a war broke out behind them and prevented them from returning home, so they processed farther east to the great central Asian trading city of Buhoro. After three years they joined a mission going to the ruler of China. The ruler of China welcomed them and asked them to teach him more about the religion of Christianity. The brothers returned to Europe to ask the pope to help. On Niccolis and Maffeos trip back to China in 1271, with the pope, to teach them more about Christianity, Niccolos son Marco went with them. Due to bad weather during the trip, the rest of the missionaries turned back. The three Polos continued the trip. In 1275 they reached the home of Kublai Khan, the ruler of China. Again, from Marcos writings, the ruler of China welcomed them warmly. The Polos spent the next 17 years in China. Kublai Khan liked Marco because he was a good storyteller. The ruler of China sent Marco on many diplomatic missions throughout his empire. Marco told Kublai Khan many interesting stories and observations about the lands he visited. The ruler of China eventually made Marco ...

Updating Cookies in JavaScript

Updating Cookies in JavaScript Actually updating a cookie is slightly different from just replacing a cookie in that the new value we want to place in the cookie is dependent in some way on whether the cookie already exists and if so on what it contains. This means that we need to read the existing cookie before we can write a replacement for it. One thing to note is that when we read a cookie we have no way of telling when the existing cookie is due to expire or whether the cookie is restricted to a specific folder or available across the entire domain. You need to set a new retention period when you replace the cookie and need to keep track of what scope you want the cookie to have within your pages so as to apply the same domain or path option each time. The only thing that you are actually able to read when updating rather than just replacing a cookie is the actual value of the data stored in the cookie. In this example, we are going to use a cookie named accesscount to count the number of times that our visitor has accessed our page where no more than seven days has elapsed between visits. Should more than seven days elapse between visits then the cookie will expire and the next visit will restart counting from zero. We are using the allCookies() and writeCookie() functions from the prior examples so the only piece of new code we need in order to actually do the update is in the last two lines. var cookie;allCookies function() {var cr, ck, cv;cr []; if (document.cookie ! ) {ck document.cookie.split(; );for (var ick.length - 1; i 0; i) {cv ck.split();cr[ck[0]]ck[1];}}return cr;};writeCookie function(cname, cvalue, days,opt) {var dt, expires, option;if (days) {dt new Date();dt.setTime(dt.getTime()(days*24*60*60*1000));expires ; expiresdt.toGMTString();} else expires ;if (opt) {if (/ substr(opt,0,1)) option ; pathopt;else option ; domainopt;} else option ;document.cookie cnamecvalueexpiresoption;}cookie allCookies();if (cookie.accesscount ! null) writeCookie(mycookie, cookie.accesscount 1,7);else writeCookie(mycookie, 1,7);

Find two articles that are influential in the field of Organizational Essay

Find two articles that are influential in the field of Organizational Development - Essay Example In brief, organization development remains the dominant approach to organizational change. Organization development involves changing of the operations of the company to ensure suitability. The past, present and future trends indicate that organizational development still remains the key factor in the enactment of organizational change. Burnes and Cooke argue that the future of organization development is bright owing to the success witnessed in the process. The article is valuable in the evaluation of success and failures of organization development. Since its inception, organization development has been used to change operations within organizations with selected success being achieved. The article evaluates the past [present and future of organization development. Several issues are highlighted which are vital. Change is inevitable in any organization due to changes in the market economy and production. To understand the problem Burnes and Cooke addresses the past, present and future of organization development in the article thus developing a better understanding of organization development. According to Ron Cacioppe, organization development requires the support of the leadership structure to be successful. Organizational change is viewed by employees as a process of laying off workers leading to resistance when organization development is mentioned. The situation can be different if leadership and management encourage employees to participate in the change. The participation cannot be achieved without creativity and team building. Cacioppe addresses issues of leadership in organization development. Leadership development is vital during organizational restructuring. Modern management practices such as vision statement and balance score cards can be realigned to integrate the new operational models. The role of leadership is to develop a spirit at individual and team level to ensure

THE GLOBAL ECONOMY Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2250 words

THE GLOBAL ECONOMY - Assignment Example PEC and shale oil producers, end of Quantitative Easing (QE) in the US economy which led to the rise in the dollar value and subsequent fall in the oil prices. Oil prices fall when the world produces more oil than it is able to consume in which case there is a production surplus. Vice versa, a production deficit comes about when the demand for oil is greater than the amount of oil that is being manufactured. However, oil prices have plummeted to half of what they used to be since June. Crude oil has now dipped below $50 a barrel for the first time since May 2009 and US crude has also fallen below $50 a barrel† (2015). In the last decade, oil prices were high because of the rising demand for oil in most of the world but this growing demand could not be met and supply remained low due to conflicts in the oil producing Middle Eastern region, for example Iraq. By 2014, oil production increased exponentially and due to surplus oil being produced, the price of oil fell dramatically. This was caused by a significant increase in US oil production. Because of soaring oil prices, multiple American and Canadian companies started drilling for â€Å"new, hard-to-extract crude in North Dakotas shale formations and Albertas oil sands† and advanced methods like fracking and horizontal drilling began to be used (Plumer, 2015. The introduction of American shale oil in the market has added â€Å"4 million new barrels of crude oil per day† (Plumer, 2015) to the oil market while the global production is â€Å"75 million barrels per day† (Plumer, 2015). Iraq emerged as one of the major contributors to the recent boom in oil production. After the US led invasion of Iraq, oil production was disrupted due to constant war, turmoil and sanctions. However, since 2008 due to efforts being made to bring about stability and curb violence, we have seen a boom in Iraqi oil production. â€Å"Over the next five to seven years, Iraq could be supplying nearly half of the incremental growth in world oil

Non Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Non - Assignment Example When a situation is fed into the flow chart, a clearer view of the type of decision in hand should emerge. In theory it will enlighten a manager to the potential risks and benefits of involving others in that decision. In practice, however, there are some potential problems with the model as it is intended to be used. First of all there is an issue about the amount and quality of information that is fed into the decision making process. Poor information at any point in the model will weaken its reliability. Furthermore, Chemers makes the very valid point that â€Å"the Vroom-Yetton-Jago model and other prescriptive models†¦ assume that leaders can easily change their behaviors in accord with situational demands.† (Chemers: 1997, p. 52) Managers often act instinctively, however, based on their experience in a decision-making role and their own personal style. This inherent tendency, along with pressures of time mean that the application of the Vroom-Yetton-Jago is theoreti cally useful, especially for inexperienced managers, but in practice not likely to be fully implemented, especially by more experienced managers. Reference. Chemers, Martin M. An Integrative Theory of Leadership. Mahwah, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum Associates, 1997, pp. 47-57.

Packet Classification: Problem and Resolution

Packet Classification: Problem and Resolution INTRODUCTION This chapter covers the introduction to packet classification. Problems for packet classification, objectives to overcome the problem involved in packet classification, motivation to do the project on packet classification and also the organization of the project. The development of the internet grows for every year, because of the easy access of the internet. The gain of the internet can be obtained through the smartphones, netbooks, notebooks. For processing the packets, network processor is used, and it will carry out the tasks as to convert the packets into fragments, reassembling these fragments, forwarding, encryption and packet classification. Due to increased line rates, pressure is increased on line rates and it in turn pressure on network processor. The pressure can be relieved in two ways: By inserting more processing cores and it increases power consumption. Increasing the clock speed, but it creates difficulty due to the physical limitation in the silicon. So that it can be relieved in two different ways: Insert the clock gating, which reduces the power consumption. Insert the buffer, to form the pipelining and it also increases the speed. 1.1  PROBLEM DEFINITION Network processors are getting more strain, due to more use of internet and the strain needs to be reduce. To give the security for the network packets. To minimize the power required for packet classification. To achieve high speed and also high throughput for packet classification. 1.2  OBJECTIVES Understood the concept of hypercut algorithm for packet classification and also analyzed the flow chart for packet classification. Understood the verilog code and Xilinx tool. Wrote the verilog code for hypercut algorithm. The simulation results for hypercut algorithm is verified in Xilinx tool. Clock gating circuit is inserted in the architecture of the classifier, it reduces the power consumption. Pipelining concept is used in proposed architecture of the classifier and the simulation results are verified in Xilinx. 1.3  MOTIVATION The network traffic is doubling for each six to nine months. Also traditional algorithms are not supporting the increasing network traffic on core and edge devices. Large number of rulesets: Due to increased access of the network, the more services need to be implement in network device, so that more number of rules are needed. It creates the difficulty for classifying the packets. Flexibility: Traditional algorithms are particularly designed for IPV4, so that novel solutions are required to manage both IPV4 and IPV6 addresses. Scalability: As the network services are increasing, there is requirement to add or delete the rules. So that, good scalability is required for packet classification. 1.4  Organization of the thesis The thesis contains 6 chapters Chapter 1, it will covers the introduction of packet classification, problems involved in packet classification, objective to the packet classification and motivation for choosing the packet classification. Chapter 2, it will covers the basics of existing packet classification and also the basics of proposed packet classification. Chapter 3, it will covers the method used to do the packet classification, proposed architecture and also it tells how proposed architecture is better compared to previous algorithms. Chapter 4, it discusses the simulation the simulation results obtained for existing and proposed architecture of the classifier. Chapter 5, it covers the conclusion and future scope of the project. Chapter 6, It lists the reference papers used for literature review of the packet classification. Chapter 2 BASICS It covers the basics of packet classification. It also explains the structure of packet header, brief introduction to internet, the mode of information transmission through the internet, OSI layers, the type of matching, software and hardware implementation of packet classification , Clock gating and pipelining are also discussed. It also covers the review of different packet classification algorithms, by reading this the user can select the algorithm, which is best suit for his application. The internet is a global system. It is consists of inter connected computer networks, which uses the protocols(TCP/IP), to match several billion devices all over the world. It is also termed as networks of network. Access of internet is a process of connecting mobile devices, computers and computer terminals to the internet. Internet access will enables the users to access the internet services such as email and world wide web. Using various technologies, internet service providers will access the internet. A packet is a formatted unit of data, which is carried by the packet switched network. By formatting of the data, the bandwidth of communication medium can be increased. The structure of the packet contains the two varieties of data Control information User data 2.1  Control information This will provide the information, on where to send the data. Example, It provides the source and destination IP addresses, sequencing information and error codes. Fig 2.1 shows the structure of the packet Fig 2.1 structure of the packet 2.2  Payload The maximum size of the packet is 64 K bytes. The payload of the packet is variable. Example IPV4 typically adds the 20 bytes of payload to every packet. The packet is passed through the network using three devices such as hub, switch and router. 2.3  The modes of information transmission through the internet 2.3.1  Hub Hub is a central device, for which all other devices are connected. It is called the star system. It is very simple, when any device sends the data, it will send the data to all other devices and all other devices needs to decide whether the data is belonging to them, if it is not belonging to them, they will ignore it. It will present in physical layer. Fig 2.3.1 shows the structure of the hub. . Fig 2.3.1 shows the structure of the hub 2.3.2  Switch The switch is smarter compared to hub. First it creates the table, which records the IP/MAC addresses of the devices(PC’s) connected together. At the start, when any device sends the data, that time switch will not be knowing the destination IP addresses. So it will forwards the packets to all other devices, which are connected to it and it also records the IP address of the device. Next when packet belonging to those destination IP addresses comes, it will directly forward the packets to destination devices It is present in data link layer of OSI layer. Fig 2.3.2 shows the structure of the switch. 2.3.3  Router It is the smartest device compared to hub and switch. The router will record the address of all the devices which are connected to it. The router will read the information present in packet header and it will decide , where the packet needs to be sent and how to process the packet. It provides the security. While in hub, switch the destination IP address is known, hacker may hack the destination device, it will consider both destination and source IP address of the devices and it will decide whether the source device is hacker or not. If it is hacker, it will deny the packet. Fig 2.3.3 shows the structure of router. Fig 2.3.3 shows the structure of router. 2.4 OSI LAYERS It consist of seven layer Application layer Presentation layer Session layer Transport layer Network layer Data link layer Physical layer The Fig 2.4 for OSI model is shown below as Fig 2.4 OSI layers Application layer: This layer will provide the interface to application programmes. Presentation layer: In this layer , it converts the data from system specific format to the format which is suitable for application. It also provides encryption and compression. Session layer: Which facilitates the starting, managing and ending of connection between the two nodes. Ex: For a video session, it will synchronize the related stream of data such as audio and video. Transport layer: It will break the data into segments It will decide about how much information can be sent to email server and how much information can be received back. The responsibility of transport layer are: Reliability Flow control Fragmentation Network layer: Here the segments are broken into packets by adding the source and destination IP address to them. Next the packets are sent to data link layer. Here router is working in this layer. Data link layer: In this layer, the packets are broken into the frames, which are created for the specific network. The frames are assigned the address of two nodes, the data is moving in between. Physical layer: The frames given by the data link layer are converted into bits in physical medium. UDP: User datagram protocol It is light weight and connectionless. Advantages: The packet size is small. UDP header- 8 bytes TCP header- 20 bytes There is no requirement to create and maintain the connection. It has more control over the data Disadvantages: It does not provide error recovery. It does not compensate for lost data packets. Packets can arrive at out of order, so that data loses meaning. There is no control of congestion. Transmission control Protocol: It is reliable and connection based. Advantages: It delivers the acknowledgements. It provides retransmission. It provides in order delivery. It will delays the transmission when the network is busy. It provides error recovery. Disadvantages: It has bigger header. It doesn’t always get sent out quickly. It is the side effect of congestion. It has bigger overhead. UDP is message oriented It sends the data in distinct chunks. Ex: Email. For multimedia applications, UDP is used, because of these reasons as: It has less overhead. Data loss can be masked. UDP is used in small transmission. It is also used in bandwidth intensive applications, that tolerate packet loss. TCP is stream oriented It can be used in continuous flow of data. Ex: Phone conversation. For text communication, TCP is better. Ex: File transfers, Remote access. TCP is used when delivery acknowledgement are needed. In physical layer, information is transmitted in bit stream using hub. In data link layer information is transmitted in frames using switches. In network layer information is transmitted in packets using router. A router is a device that forwards the packet. A router is connected between two networks namely LAN’s or WAN’s. network processors are specialized CPU, which is optimized to support the implementation of network protocols at maximum speed. The function of network processor is to carry out the tasks such as packet separation, reassembly, encryption and classification. Packet classification is the process of categorizing the packets into flows in internet router. Packet will be classified in network layer. Packet has five fields as shown in fig Source IP address: It indicates the IP address of the sender . Destination IP address: It indicates the IP address of the destination. Source port: It indicates the port number of sender. Destination port: It indicates the port number of destination. Protocol: Which specifies the type of transport packet being carried. The incoming packet to router will matches the specific rule if the distinct field in the packet will match corresponding field in the rule. There are three matches Exact match: The values present in rule field header are same as the values present in packet header. Prefix match: The values of rule field header are prefix for header fields of the packet. Range match: The packet header field values must be lie in the range which is specified by the rule. 2.5  The types of packet classification algorithms Packet classification algorithm can be implemented in two major types Software based Hardware based 2.5.1  Software Implementation This can be used with general purpose processor and network processor. The software based algorithm can be divided into two types as Field dependent Algorithm Field independent Algorithm Field Independent Algorithm: For each field in the rule, these algorithms will build the index table separately. Ex: RFC Field dependent Algorithm: In these algorithm, the fields of the rule will be matched in dependent manner and there is no need to group the result in final stage. The memory requirement for these algorithms is less than field independent algorithms. Ex: Hypercut, Hicut 2.5.2  Hardware based implementation This is used with ASIC or with FPGA. This implementation is used with internet routers for the high speed that supports to handle the packet. The reasons to use software implementation Programmability: ASIC architectures has small Programming capacity, Because ASICs have special design. Special chips: To accelerate the packet processing speed, special chips called TCAMS are used. The proposed algorithm uses clock gating circuit to reduce power consumption and pipelining to increase the speed. 2.6  Clock gating Clock gating is a technique, which is used in synchronous circuits to minimize the power consumption. This technique is used to prune the clock, it disables the port of the circuitary, so that flip flops present in the circuitry will not switch the states. When switching is absent, the dynamic power consumption is reduced, but the leakage currents are present. Clock gating works by taking the enable signal of the circuitry, so that flip flops or devices present in latches will not switch the states, so that switching power reduces. So it is necessary to have enable conditions in order to get benefit from clock gating. The clock gating saves the power. Clock gating can be added in two ways: By writing the RTL code, the synthesis tool automatically translates the RTL code into clock gating logic. In order to gate the clock of specific modules or registers manually clock gating circuit can be inserted by instantiating library the specific ICG cells. Using automated the clock gating tools, clock gating is inserted in semi automatic fashion. These tools will insert ICG cells to RTL code or directly add the enable conditions to RTL code. 2.7  Pipelining It is group of data processing elements, which are connected in series, so that output of one element is the input to next element. We build a pipeline by dividing the complex operation into simple operation. Here instead of taking bulk thing and executing it, the bulk thing is break up into smaller pieces and process it one after another. For example Consider a calculation c= log(|a+b|), which consist of three operations, which are shown in fig 2.7. Fig 2.7 Pipelining example Add a and b to get a+b, it takes 40ns. Take the magnitude, we get as |a+b|, it takes 35 ns. Take the log we get as log(|a+b|), it takes 60ns. Consider a situation when we need to carry out for 100 such pairs. Without pipelining , it would take a total of 100*135= 13500ns. By realization, it is found that it is whole sequential process. Let the values evaluated to be a1 to a100 and we need to add values to be b1 to b100. In first evaluation, ( a1+b1)is calculated, In next evaluation, |a1+b1|,(a2+b2) is calculated, in third evaluation log|a1+b1|,|a2+b2|, ( a3+b3) is evaluated. After the first output data that is log|(a1+b1)|, the subsequent outputs are log|(a2+b2)|, log|(a3+ b3)| will now start arriving at a gap of 60ns . All the 100 inputs can be applied in 199*60=5940ns and the total time taken to evaluate 100 data will be 5940+180= 6120ns. This time is half compared without pipelining. This process of evaluation is called pipelinlng. 2.8 Literature review Algorithms are classified in 4 classes: Basic structures Geometry based Heuristics Hardware based 2.8.1  Basic structures a. Linear search: This algorithm[1], is very simple. It contains all the rules. Here each packet is matched opposite to all the rules until the corresponding fields of the packet should match to the rule. Although, it is simple, it is not widely used. Because, it takes the large time for matching with the rule. Consider N is the number of rules, â€Å"the worst case space and time complexity is O(N),where O is the order and N is the number of rules. Fig below shows the linear structure. Fig 2.8.1.a Linear search algorithm b. Hierarchial trie: It is an extension part of the binary trie. By using the individual bits of the search key, the branches of the trie can be traversed. In the d dimensional hierarchial trie[2], first bulid the one dimensional hierarchial trie which is called F1 trie. Foe each prefix P in the F1 trie, there is a recursively (d-1) dimensional hierarchial tries are present(Tp). For example, if the data structure is 2 dimensional the only one F1 trie is present. Hierarchial tries are also termed as multilevel tries or backtracking tries or tries of trie. Womens Roles in Anime: The Reflection of Japanese Society Womens Roles in Anime: The Reflection of Japanese Society What do the portrayals of women in Japanese animation reveal about the role of women in Japanese society today? The role of women in Japanese culture is an important topic amongst when discussing contemporary Japan. While it is important to consider traditional methods of analysis that come from statistics and surveys, you also need to look at how popular culture defines the modern Japanese woman. Japanese animation can provide a tool to analysis of the role of women in Japanese society. Through looking at women and they are portrayed in Japanese animation over the decade, we can begin to see the role of women in contemporary Japanese society. The purpose of this discussion is to determine a connection between Japanese animation (a form of popular culture) and the role of women (whether this role is shifting or remaining conservative) in contemporary Japanese society. In order to understand the link between Japanese animation and society, it is important to consider the meaning of these terms and how they relate to each other. Martinez defines popular culture as the culture of the masses; which does apply to the Japanese culture. Nevertheless, other opinions raise the point to how popular culture is a problematic term when translating it into the Japanese context. According to Hidetoshi Kato, a Japanese scholar, the term popular culture as taishu bunka; translates into mass culture. However, Martinezs definition is a middle of the road definition for the terms offered by Kato. In addition, Martinez defines the anthropology of popular culture as the study of the interaction between the apparently separate realms of the material and the symbolic. Other anthropologist such as Roger Buckley agrees with Martinez, stating that popular culture should tell us something about contemporary Japanese behavior. The images presented by Japanese animation including its related cousin, manga, or Japanese comics have helped shape the identity of modern Japanese women. Japanese animation, or anime, is useful when studying the role of women in society. Popular culture serves to reflect and instigate change in Japanese society, by observing the changes and themes in anime, these trends are identifiable. Popular culture also helps one to understand the dynamics of Japanese society and culture. While the behaviors identified are not Japanese, such as conformity, loyalty and deference8, there are certain subtle undertones that make themes and characters that make them Japanese. Lastly, Japanese animation industry caters for both sexes across a wide age group. This is important, because unlike the animation industry in the United States whereupon childrens programming is largely aimed at young boys. Japanese animation makes it possible to gain an insight into the role of women in society because both sexes views are represented. This provides a foundation for observing how the role of women in Japanese society can be studied through examining their role in Japanese animation. Japanese animation is interesting to study when observing the roles of gender because of the way it written for diverse tastes and it differs from Western animation. Anime has often been described as edgy, provocative, and documentary-like; these industry buzzwords describe anime as a different expression of animation, when it is not. In reality, the Japanese have embraced animation as an expression that goes beyond the standard set by Disney. Anime includes animation catered for all age groups. Anime content ranges from superb works to trashy soap operas or pornography; however, they play an important role in Japans popular culture by providing a legacy of past ideals. Respected writer Frederik Schodt has split the anime available into two distinct halves as defined by the gender, Boys comic [shonen] anime carefully balance suspense with humor, dramatic stories of sports, adventure, ghosts, science fiction, and school life. Girls comic anime [shojo] also strive for balance but are distinguished by their tales of idealized love. Given the range to choose from, it is important to analyze a number of sources to see how anime reflects the position of women in Japanese society, but to examine them with an open mind. Reaction to anime has been filled with distaste. Film critics have both embraced and criticized Japanese animation. Mamorum Oshiis theatrical adaption of Shirow Masamunes Ghost in the Shell, regarded as a movie that questions what it is that makes us human by many, has been lauded as a spectacular-looking Japanese animated film, but like so many of its kind, involves a confusing narrative and peculiar metaphysics that reduce interest16. To avoid generalizations it is important to look at works from a several genres to how anime portrays Japanese women in society. To observe the role of women as portrayed in anime with a female-specific target audience, Komodo no Omocha (1996) will be used to analyzed. To see how women are being represented in anime that is targeted at a male demographic, Dragon Ball Z (199?) will form the basis of analysis. Finally, a recent work from Japans most respected and successful animation studio today, Studio Ghibli, will be analyzed Mononoke Hime (1997). The importance of studying Studio Ghiblis work is to see how women are portrayed by an animation studio whose works reach a very wide audience, that typically cross the gender and age boundaries. While this analysis will not prove to be the final answer, it will prove an interesting investigation when considering what images of femininity have been projected onto Japanese society over the past decade. Kodomo no Omocha was a popular series that aired on Japanese television in the mid 1990 is, compared to many shojo anime, Kodomo no Omocha is radical, though it is by far not the only one. The story is a comedy fused with typical shojo elements love interests, and pretty artwork. The female lead is a young girl named Sana, who lives with her eccentric, but loving, mother and Rei, her personal manager. Unlike other female characters that will be analyzed, Sana is loud, outspoken and is not intimidated by anyone. She is works hard to do her best at her job (she is a famous star of a childrens TV program), friends and family. While she exhibits traditionally female qualities, she is not the stereotypical wholly subservient female character. Even though she is only a child, she stresses the importance of her job. Her mother is another strong female role within the anime. She is intelligent, in control and the men are more likely to be subservient to her than anything else is. Other fema les in the show lean towards conservative Japan, such as when Sanas female teacher cries and runs to another male teacher for assistance whenever the class acts up. The male characters are traditionally empowered, though like many a shojo anime, have soft sides to their personalities. The depiction of the two main female characters, Sana and her mother, offer an insight into the modern Japanese woman as having the capacity to be strong, yet gentle and compassionate. Dragon Ball Z offers an interesting insight into the portrayal of women in anime aimed at a male demographic. The reason this is an interesting series to look at is its popularity and the way it portrays gender roles. Women are portrayed in few roles in this anime. The female roles are dismally backwards. Dragon Ball Z has portrayed the role of women as subservient/secondary at their core. It has pointed out that fundamental beliefs about gender roles are difficult to change in any society, including Japans, The show is very male-centric, emphasizing strength, discipline and hard work as the key to being successful in the world. On the other hand, this is a martial arts anime, so this should not be a surprising aspect. One of the women who appear regularly is the protagonists female friend Bulma, an intelligent scientist. Bulma is a gifted inventor and often creates something that will aid her group of friends in whatever plight they are in. Bulma is portrayed as a confident, intelli gent woman who, while not of equal status, remains an important part of the team. However, when she is put in a position of danger, she falls into the damsel in distress stereotype all too common in male-orientated anime. She is rescued one way or another, but is often the least of the groups priorities she is often rescued as an after-thought, as opposed to being a genuine critical concern. This is a good example of what Eri Izawa determines as the Unequal Relationship genre, where women are second to men in a world dominated by patriarchy. Hayao Miyazaki and Isao Takahata founded studio Ghibli in 1985. The importance with studying work by Studio Ghibli is because their productions (which are theatrical) have such widespread appeal in Japanese society. A large number of Japans populace sees the stories that are created here. The films cross the divides of age and gender. The movie that is I am looking at is Mononoke Hime. It grossed approximately US$150 million at the box office, beaten only by Titanic. In Mononoke Hime, the story centers on three principle characters San, the Wolf Princess, Lady Eboshi and prince Ashitaka, the pillar between which these two women are placed. One of interesting strengths of this film is the way in which the opposing characters, San and Lady Eboshi, are portrayed. Both are strong, powerful women, sure of themselves and their world. Lady Eboshi is a superlative example of the new woman of Japan. She is in charge of a profitable ironworks that employs people regarded as beneath society (prostitutes and lepers), leading by compassion, returning dignity and purpose to their lives. San is the other extreme; she lives in the forest of the Deer God, raised by the great wolf gods who dwell there. San is a strong female character who follows a more natural way of life; as opposed to the entrepreneurial mindset of Lady Eboshi, San is dedicated to preserving the forest and the creatures that dwell within. Miyazaki is portraying the capacity of women to be strong, competent and successful. San represents the capacity of women to be strong in the dwelling of the traditional while Lady Eboshi is an example of how women can be successful and entrepreneurial in the face of modernization. From three examples, it is easy to see these reflections on the role of women are present in contemporary Japanese society. Martinez admits that it is difficult to discover what the true role of Japanese women in Japanese society are in a perceived country where men are still dominant [and] Japanese women are held to be gentle, submissive and beautiful. Historically, Japanese womens suffrage was achieved in 1945 and it is noted that while Japanese women may be able to find jobs, it is far more difficult to find careers, even today. However, public opinion is changing. There is clear that the role of women in Japan is no longer the traditional housewife/mother. Surveys by the Prime Ministers Office in 1987 and 1995 show a shift in public opinion of women, while in 1987 over 50% of the men surveyed agreed with the traditional role of women in Japan, by 1995 the percentage had dropped to 33%. The state of Japanese animation over the past decade reveals a relative parallel between the co ntent of Japanese animation and these results. The role of women in anime such as Kodomo no Omocha gives girls a role model unlike the traditionally submissive, quiet woman in the face of Sanas eccentric, enthusiastic nature that is rewarded by success. Studio Ghiblis films have portrayed women as equal, confident and able to take charge in their lives. Anime aimed at boys retain the portrayal of women as bystanders, whether it be the token damsel in distress or cheerleader. However, that is changing; Japanese animation aimed at the boys has begun to portray women beyond this traditional stereotype. Several productions such as Ranma 1/2 and Love Hina offered a cast of characters that serve to put women on equal ground as men in some cases, though there is still the re-enforcement of traditional gender roles. Japanese animation is an established form of pop culture. It is consumed by both sexes and across all age groups, and offers a series of representations of women. While it has become apparent through observing trends in Japanese animation and contemporary Japanese society is an apparent shift, however, it is important to identify that the traditional role of women will probably always manifest itself in pop culture. This is because the traditional role of women is an option, just as choosing a career or being entrepreneurial are choices. What is encouraging to see is that those choices are being represented, either directly or indirectly, in anime. It speaks well for the future of Japanese society as alternative roles of women are being portrayed for both sexes in the culture of the masses. Reference: Martinez, D.P. (1998). The Worlds of Japanese popular culture: gender, shifting boundaries [UK, Cambridge UP, p. 3]. Hidetoshi, K. (1989). Some Thoughts on Japanese popular culture. Richard Gid Powers Hidetoshi, K. (1989). Handbook of Japanese popular culture. Greenwood Press. Buckley, R. (1990). Japan today. Cambridge: UP. Schodt, F.L. (1983). Manga! manga! the world of japanese comics. USA: Kodansha. Izawa, E. (2001). Japanese manga and animation: gender relations in manga and anime. Retrieved from http://www.uncc.edu/~medmoto/3209/anime/gender.html (abridged) Robertson, J. (1998). Takarazuka: sexual politics and popular culture in modern japan. University of California. Dimensions of Japanese society: gender, margins and mainstream. Great Britain: Macmillan Press Ltd.