The International Monetary Fund and World Bank Annotated Bibliography

The International Monetary Fund and World Bank - Annotated Bibliography Example IMF has laid procedures and endeavors to advance sound macroeconomic arrangements, precise modification, and market-situated changes are fundamental to lessen neediness and pay imbalance in those nations under the IMF programs. As per the Eurodad report, the association is giving expanding consideration to the quality, not simply the amount, of its modification programs. These charges raised by the IMF are of crucial nature yet I can't help contradicting the activity dependent on the accompanying feelings. For this situation, the IMF doesn't give new guidelines to modify the sum the part should move so the sum will be as per the new trade rates according to the advances offered through World Bank. Article IV of the IMF has given a difference support with respect to the movement that the IMF and World Bank ought not keep joining exacting conditions on how their credit cash is utilized and what other financial changes must happen before the advances are endorsed. The help depends on the macroeconomic standpoint and the danger of economy comprehensively. With the recuperation of exceptional residential interest in New Zealand by mid-2010, the IMF related to the World Bank ought to get rid of the severe thoughts laid on the advances offered to the customers. Such startling happenings that were knowledgeable about New Zealand ought to be gotten ready for when the IMF is giving out assets through the World Bank. For example, the IMF executive had declared an immediate increment on the financing ventures in New Zealand by 15%, an express that couldn't have been actualized in the underlying age while executing the normalized an incentive on the subsidizing of the seismic tremor casual ties in New Zealand.

Apollo 13 Essay Example for Free

Apollo 13 Essay For those not mature enough to have survived it, an account of going for an arrival on the moon, enduring a blast on the shuttle while in transit to the moon, not arriving on the moon, and afterward barely making it home to Earth is the tale of Apollo 13. When confronting issues, clashes, and the achievement of objectives, having the assets of a completely practical supervisor and group are crucial. An administrator that has clear objectives and methodologies set up is bound to succeed in any event, when confronted with the best kinds of misfortune. Each representative of NASA should think about the unfortunate occasion of Apollo 13. The foundation of the group started with the finishing between the U. S. also, Russia and their space investigation programs. What began as a normal excursion to the moon and back before long got probably the greatest emergency NASA had ever experienced. From understanding the situation of the shuttle, to recognizing what should have been done, to making a CO2 converter out of materials just accessible on the rocket, the flight is a reasonable exercise on the best way to deal with a group in an emergency. In numerous ventures, it generally returns to an unpleasant circumstance, where fast choices must be made which majorly affect the accomplishment of the job that needs to be done. Numerous chiefs frequently request guidance on the most proficient method to deal with such circumstances so as to be a decent pioneer and accomplish greatest outcomes. So as to be a successful administrator and to have the option to impact other and practice high degrees of control, a few principles ought to be followed. I will give a couple of instances of how Gene Kranz figured out how to elevate cooperation and to accomplish the most ideal arrangements in spite of phenomenal issues, need or assets and time pressure. One must stay idealistic and put stock in themselves and the group to accomplish a set objective. Without individual feelings directors won't have the option to propel the group to grew new arrangements, proceed to working and cultivate joint effort. Quality showed principled administration and an authority in requesting the best from his group while regarding their endeavors regardless of the result. One incredible thing about Gene’s the board was that is set a standard of greatness. With articulations like â€Å"I don’t care about what anything was intended to do, I care about what it can do. This set moving self-administration by different supporting groups. This shows us significant exercises that we can apply to different conditions. Make a point to obviously recognize jobs and obligations of every single colleague. Correspondence is additionally a key in dealing with a group viably. In the film one of the colleagues unplugs his TV and takes his telephone free whi ch cost everybody esteem time and contribution to understanding this emergency. Administrators should ensure they can connect with representatives. Make an approach in the event that you should. An over dictator style of the executives with a top down chief is in some cases unseemly. Administrators regularly give guidelines, undertakings and fiat without approaching the representative for their assessment. Interestingly chiefs with a helpful majority rule style of the executives include representatives in dynamic. Choices are taken after itemized conversation in working gatherings. Data ought to be sent by and large through all correspondence channels. Quality Kranz was drawing at the board and tuned in to his group and their proposals. Furthermore, they all examined the proposals together. Without this fair administration style of Gene Kranz, the group would not have been as fruitful. Another issue is to work the issue effectively. Characterizing the issue is the hardest piece of critical thinking. As a director it is essential to characterize and impart the issues which must be explained. Something else, no group will have the option to discover reasonable arrangements. Quality Kranz distinguished all the issues and framed exceptional groups to address them. He made it understood to the groups which items could be utilized. Just the articles that were accessible to the space explorers could be utilized. He burned through no time in whining about what items were not accessible or missing to take care of the issue. He was activity arranged and stressed critical thinking. It is additionally essential to be an obvious administrator or pioneer. A decent administrator shoulders obligation and passes on to all colleagues that they will work through the issue. Another characteristic of a viable director is regard for other people. Time after time in today’s professional workplace, we don’t regard the judgment of those really accomplishing the work. Besides, an emergency isn't a period for allegations. The essential goal ought to be to deal with the circumstance together and make its best. Quality Kranz didn't ask whenever after the blast, how such a blast could have occurred. Neither the space travelers nor Mission Control would have profited by the conversation of blame, innovative critical thinking was significantly more significant. Regardless of all the negative talk, Gene revealed to them disappointment was impossible, and they didn't fizzle. Building trust must be joined with compelling correspondence. Its advantage was apparent in the film through the hindrances the group survived. As a group becomes together through solid administration, their degree of trust to accomplish an aggregate objective, uniqueness turns out to be less significant and the team’s objective is put in the bleeding edge. Activity direction turns out to be natural, and input is transparent. Consolidated, these improve the general achievement and usefulness of the director, representative relationship. At last, no one needs to encounter emergency, for example, the one in Apollo 13, anyway there will consistently be unusual issues and administrators should challenge the circumstances. A compelling chief should put themselves in Gene Kranz’s place for disguising his method of driving a group. Moreover, troublesome circumstances that occur in the past ought to be dissected for creating proposals for supervisors to figure out the proper behavior in forthcoming circumstances. Each emergency is one of a kind and requests an individual arrangement however for figuring out how to locate the best arrangement, act directly as an administrator and persuade your group. Being fruitful and tackling issues in an innovative manner is simply however one part of being a powerful administrator and pioneer for your group.

Power-Influence Approach

The force impact approach in contemplating administration looks at the impacts chiefs apply over others, regardless of whether these people are subordinates, associates, or even the leader’s administrator. Yuki (2010) composes, â€Å"This explore tries to clarify authority viability regarding the sum and sort of intensity controlled by a pioneer and how force is exercised† (p. 14). Force impact administration expect the circumstances and logical results connection among pioneers and adherents just spills out of the executives to subordinate (Yuki, 2010, p. 14).For model, a chief teaches his representative to pay a receipt, and the worker does as told, or workers go to a morals course in light of the fact that the officials command it. Practicing power-impact can guarantee adherence to inside approaches like wellbeing, clothing regulations, and long stretches of business. It can likewise guarantee adherence to government laws like the arrangements in the Sarbanes-Oxley A ct. The force impact authority approach empowers a pioneer to impact the practices and mentalities of devotees (Yuki, 2010, p. 14). It is compelling in overseeing and achieving errands as a pioneer gives directions that other follow.Power-impact can influence people’s musings and assessments, which can be gainful as far as inventive thoughts and progressively effective strategies for activities. It is particularly viable for the individuals who oppose change regardless of whether it will prompt advancement. The force impact technique for initiative has its downsides too. A few people use power and terrorizing to achieve certain destinations. They may utilize their title or position to compel others to go along, and despite the fact that representatives may obey from the outset, such pressure in the long run prompts obstruction and the subverting of power (Alyn, 2009).For model, a chief may tell an immediate report that in the event that he doesn't finish a given heap of work, his quarterly audit will reflect it. This is an exceptional case of the negative impact of intensity impact, yet it does well to show how a supervisor can utilize intimidation as a wellspring of â€Å"motivation. † Using capacity to achieve exercises in an association is a typical practice among administrators and officials. Actually, preceding 2011, the board at Jack in the Box, Inc. relied upon the force impact way to deal with complete objectives.The association accepted representatives required explicit guidance, so the executives affected subordinates and colleagues using power. Note that couple of people mishandled this force, however as the idea of the business changed, so did its initiative approach.In 2011, the officials of Jack in the Box attempted to change the company’s culture from one of capacity to one that concentrated on singular jobs, accomplishments, and backing. The board urged representatives to share thoughts, to address and challenge strategies for activity, and to step up to the plate and obligation regarding one’s work.The â€Å"you do what I say† mindset was not the mentality the officials needed administration to communicate or workers to feel. Rather, the organization needed to sustain pioneers to make the association more grounded and more cohesive.Power and one-directional guidance from the executives to subordinates forestalled inventive chances and fresher perspectives, which at last restrained the company’s potential outcomes. The new culture put the executives and direct reports on progressively level ground, and the open correspondence ingrained trust and a feeling of solidarity among workers of all levels.The power-impact approach in contemplating authority analyzes the job that strategic maneuvers in affecting others’ activities, perspectives, and convictions. Its utilization can have both constructive and contrary impacts in the work environment, contingent upon the leader’ s intentions.â€Å"Power is seen as significant for affecting subordinates, yet additionally for impacting companions, bosses, and individuals outside the association, for example, customers and suppliers† (Yuki, 2010, p. 14). It is significant for pioneers to recollect that others seek them for guidance, motivation, and heading. With such force come certain duties and desires not to mishandle it.

Why the Vegetarian Diet is Best Essay Example For Students

Why the Vegetarian Diet is Best Essay The veggie lover diet is turning out to be progressively well known constantly. Is the veggie lover or meat diet better? A decade prior and prior, the impression was that a veggie lover diet was deficient in the supplements found in meat items. Today however, through research and nourishing science, it has been demonstrated that all the supplements found in meat can likewise be found in the right veggie lover diet. Some may contend that by just devouring meat that is low in fat, meat and veggie lover eats less carbs have indistinguishable benefits. This is genuine just on the off chance that one eats without a doubt, low fat meat. The absence of meat isn't really the principle advantage of to the veggie lover. Veggie lovers will in general eat more natural products, vegetables and grains that the meat eater. They too tend not to utilize tobacco and over the top liquor. Furthermore, veggie lovers will in general get more exercise. The term veggie lover can be misdirecting. This eating routine can take on a wide range of varieties. A fruitarian eats as it were natural products, seeds and nuts while the vegetarian eats these and vegetables, grains and vegetables. A lacto veggie lover devours equivalent to a veggie lover just as dairy items. A lacto-ovo vegan trails the lacto veggie lover yet in addition incorporates eggs while the ovo veggie lover avoids dairy items. At last, the incomplete vegan eats anything with the exception of red meat, or possibly carefully restrains it. Since the term vegan is utilized to cover all features and varieties, it is hard to recognize medical advantages coming about because of the veggie lover diet including the entirety of the abovementioned. Most meat eaters don't understand that there are such a large number of varieties to the veggie lover diet, which makes exact concentrates considerably increasingly troublesome. All in all however, vegans will in general have less muscle to fat ratio than nonvegetarians. This is in all probability because of the low fat and high sugar substance of their eating routine. Veggie lovers for the most part have lower circulatory strain than meat eaters on account of way of life and diet. Different factors presumably incorporate exercise and protection from smoking and liquor admission. Coronary conduit illness is straightforwardly identified with soaked fat admission. In examines testing cholesterol levels, veggie lovers beat out all others including those that solitary ate lean meats. Milk, be that as it may, brings down blood cholesterol, as does soy. Another advantage is the absence of stomach related disarranges among veggie lovers. It is conceivable this is straightforwardly identified with the high fiber content devoured. The last fundamental advantage of the veggie lover diet is its relationship to malignant growth rate decrease, particularly colon disease. Individuals who create colon malignant growth will in general eat more meat, less fiber, and more soaked fat than those without colon malignant growth. This is a similar case with lymphatic malignant growth. The main bit of leeway a meat eater may have over a veggie lover would be during pregnancy and adolescence. Studies have demonstrated that youngsters develop best when they eat meat items. Moreover, vegan ladies may enter pregnancy excessively thin and be deficient in stores of supplements. Clearly, there are points of interest and downsides to the two weight control plans anyway I feel the veggie lover consumes less calories focal points extraordinarily exceed its inadequacies. Regardless of whether a meat eater or vegan, the two eating regimens can add to great wellbeing with appropriate arranging. .

England’s Architecture Free Essays

The creator makes a sequential introduction of what achieved England’s commitment to design hypothesis. The creator accepted that England’s design began uniquely in the beginnings of the eighteenth century since before that, models are for the most part adjustment of Italian and other outside works. English engineering is introduced as something that moves towards reasonableness instead of feel. We will compose a custom exposition test on England’s Architecture or then again any comparable point just for you Request Now The entry attempts to sabotage the associations that eighteenth century draftsmen attempted to set up and express in their works, among nature and design. Basically, the creator referenced, that the house is only from time to time contrasted with normal things, for example, the human body. In spite of the fact that there has been a difference on the utilization of trimmings and stylistic layouts, Gothic design was gradually dismissed. It was supplanted by accentuation on geometrical designs that weight on concordance and extent. Engineers attempted to restore crafted by the past by reproducing and seeing how history fundamentally influences the structures and taste that were well known during their time. While modelers attempted to contrast themselves as well as other people particularly those before them, they additionally stand up for themselves by attempting to change something and join another thought making their own style. The way that England builds up their own design is a striking and long procedure that attempts to stretch out close to home plans to others work, and afterward break down what works best. All things considered, England’s design appears to fit generally as basic and pragmatic since accentuation is given to ‘naturalness and symmetry’. Towards the finish of the entry, the creator referenced that designers went to consider different culture’s engineering, for example, Chinese and Gothic styles that the two uses adornments and trimmings. Toward the finish of eighteenth century center around ‘convenience’ distinguishing space and common sense while fusing important enhancements to create evenness and normality are the essential measures of England’s design. The most effective method to refer to England’s Architecture, Papers

Elizabeth

Elizabeth Elizabeth, city (1990 pop. 110,002), seat of Union co., NE N.J., on Newark Bay; inc. 1855. It is a shipping and transportation hub, with some of the world's largest containerized dock facilities at Port Elizabeth. Since 1985 the harbor, as part of the Port Authority of New York and New Jersey, has seen a steady increase in the volume of containerized exports. Highly industrialized, Elizabeth makes furnaces, plastics, chemicals, metal and food products, tea, paperboard boxes, and pharmaceuticals. A campus of Union College is in the city. The Goethals Bridge (1928) links Elizabeth with Staten Island, N.Y., and Newark International Airport is nearby. Since the 1980s the Jersey Gardens Mall and other developments have made Elizabeth a retailing center. The area was purchased (1664) from the Delaware and called Elizabethtown. From 1668 to 1682, Elizabeth borough served as the meeting place of the New Jersey assembly. Chartered as the town of Elizabeth in 1740, it was the scene of severa l Revolutionary clashes; many buildings were burned (1780). Among surviving older buildings are the 18th-century Elias Boudinot House and the 17th-century Nathaniel Bonnell House. Early industries were tanning and brewing. In the 19th cent., Elizabeth's proximity to New York City and the coming of the railroad stimulated great industrial expansion, especially in shipbuilding, machine production, and oil refining. Alexander Hamilton and Aaron Burr lived at times in Elizabeth. The Columbia Electronic Encyclopedia, 6th ed. Copyright © 2012, Columbia University Press. All rights reserved. See more Encyclopedia articles on: U.S. Political Geography

Describe the Marketing and the New Health Care Law - 1100 Words

Describe the Marketing and the New Health Care Law (Essay Sample) Content: Marketing and the New HealthCare Law[Name][Institution]IntroductionIn healthcare sector, marketing is the passing of information about a health products or services with an aim to encourage the information recipients to purchase the health product or service or use it. Health care has undergone a lot of transformation over the past decades in the history of America. There are effects of the new reforms to the healthcare sectors on the providers of healthcare services and the consumers of these services mostly the health insurance beneficiaries. Healthcare in America is undergoing the most dramatic change since the establishment of public health insurance programs commonly known as Medicare and Medicaid, which have brought new challenges and opportunities for for the health insurance providers and consumers. Studies show that the United States is one of the leading countries with a large number of companies providing health care insurance coverage to the public . Introduction of Patient Protection Act and the Affordable Care Act9 (commonly known as the Obama Care) into the health sector reforms have led to thousands of consumers shopping for health insurance like other commodities (Oliver, 2007). This is because enrollment of all the citizens to health insurance programs, either public or private is a requirement. It has in turn given health insurance consumers more control over the choice of plans they purchase. Health insurance companies have to scramble head- to- head for the available consumers of their products and services. The stiff competition in the healthcare sector necessitates the introduction of consumer-driven healthcare marketing to get a share of the consumers.Speculations on Healthcare MarketingBecause thousands of citizens will enroll to the health insurance programs under the new Act, they will be keen on private and health insurance plans that provide fair price, good quality of healthcare, and other additional med ical services available in the package. Currently many consumers are moving away from their employerà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬s insurance plans and purchased new plans that are most appropriate for their financial and medical needs. This is also the the case with new customers are looking out for many options of insurance plans that might best fit their needs. To benefit from this new way of purchasing health insurance, the insurance companies must move to adopt a marketing strategy to retain the existing customers and new subscribers to their plans. In the near future health care marketing is going to be entirely consumer focused to enable the companies to break-even. Marketing is going to play a major role in determination of the market share taken by a given company due to the presence of a perfect competition. With the increased access to information through internet and other mediums of communications, the public have varied sources of information regarding health care services (Cohn H ough, 2008) Insurance companies, therefore, will have to utilize mediums like the internet to market their products to the consumers to gain more subscription to their insurance plans.The new Act attempt seeks to lower healthcare cost and case of consumer adverse selection. This limits the ability of the providers to select their consumers in terms of health condition, age, gender and other factors. To fully overcome these challenges and still contain the healthcare cost, brand recognition and acceptance will form an integral part of the healthcare marketing. It is because; it will allow the health care providers to differentiate their health insurance brands from their competitors. It will also ensure that new consumers and are able to identify them among the many similar service providers. There is need for health insurance providers to check on ways to stand out among the crowd of many similar providers to attract customers. This may be through developing communications st rategies that make an emotional connection with the prospective consumers (patient) and their caregivers.ÂThe new health care law aims at reducing health care cost as well as increasing health care coverage among the population. Health care cost, however, have risen faster than economic growth rate over the past few years. This calls posses a great challenge for insurance providers to contain the costs of health insurance services to be in line with the new law. To address this challenge, healthcare marketers will have to use the available demographic data of current customers to determine the most suitable coverage plans that are the consumers will purchase most. This will effectively reduce the cost of provision of the coverage, especially if the plan categories are according to factor like, occupation, age, gender etc. It will be easy to target the potential customers based on their rates by narrowing the large field down to those that are worth pursuing.Health insurance providers and hospitals are so reluctant in embracing the importance of technology in marketing their product and services brands (American Marketing Association, 1997). This is evident by lack of well properly managed websites and blogs. Healthcare providers must change their notion of how the consumers adapt to technological changes and should use this avenue to show case their brands. Problems experienced in long queues and waiting rooms should be replaced by on...

Could Dinosaurs Swim The Latest Research

If you drop a horse in water, it will swim--as will a wolf, a hedgehog, and a grizzly bear. Granted, these animals wont swim very elegantly, and they may run out of steam after a few minutes, but neither will they immediately plunge to the bottom of a given lake or river and drown. Thats why the issue of whether or not dinosaurs could swim isnt intrinsically very interesting: of course dinosaurs could swim, at least a little bit, because otherwise theyd be unlike every other terrestrial animal in the history of life on earth. (After this article was written, researchers published a paper concluding that Spinosaurus was an active swimmer, perhaps even pursuing its prey underwater.) Before we proceed further, its important to define our terms. Many people use the word dinosaur to describe giant marine reptiles like Kronosaurus and Liopleurodon, but these were technically plesiosaurs, pliosaurs, ichthyosaurs and mosasaurs: closely related to dinosaurs, but not in the same family by a long shot. And if by swim you mean crossing the English Channel without breaking a sweat, that would be an unrealistic expectation for a modern polar bear, much less a hundred-million-year-old Iguanodon. For our prehistoric purposes, lets define swimming as not immediately drowning, and being able to climb out of the water as quickly as possible. Swimming Dinosaurs - Wheres the Evidence? As you can guess, one of the problems with proving that dinosaurs could swim is that the act of swimming, by definition, leaves no fossil evidence. We can tell a lot about how dinosaurs walked by footprints that have been preserved in silt, but since a swimming dinosaur would have been surrounded by water, theres no medium in which it could have left a fossil artifact. (Many dinosaurs have drowned and left spectacular fossils, but theres nothing in the posture of these skeletons to indicate whether its owner was actively swimming at the time of death.) It also doesnt make sense to infer that dinosaurs couldnt swim because so many fossil specimens have been discovered in ancient river and lake beds. The smaller dinosaurs of the Mesozoic Era were regularly swept up by flash floods, and after they drowned (usually in a tangled heap), their remains often wound up buried in the soft silt at the bottom of lakes and rivers. (This is what scientists call a selection effect: billions of dinosaurs perished well away from water, but their bodies didnt fossilize as readily.) Also, the fact that a particular dinosaur drowned is no evidence that it couldnt swim; after all, even experienced human swimmers have been known to go under! With all that said, there is some tantalizing fossil evidence for swimming dinosaurs. A dozen preserved footprints discovered in a Spanish basin have been interpreted as belonging to a medium-sized theropod gradually descending into the water; as its body was buoyed up, its fossilized footprints become lighter, and those of its right foot begin to veer off. Similar footprints and trackmarks, from Wyoming and Utah, have also occasioned speculation about swimming theropods, though their interpretation is far from certain. Were Some Dinosaurs Better Swimmers Than Others? While most, if not all, dinosaurs were able to doggy-paddle for brief periods of time, some must have been more accomplished swimmers than others. For example, it would only make sense if fish-eating theropods like Suchomimus and Spinosaurus were able to swim, since falling into the water must have been a constant occupational hazard. The same principle would apply to any dinosaurs that drank out of watering holes, even in the middle of the desert (meaning that the likes of Utahraptor and Velociraptor could probably hold their own in the water as well). Oddly enough, one family of dinosaurs that may have been accomplished swimmers were the early ceratopsians, especially the middle Cretaceous Koreaceratops. These distant forebears of Triceratops and Pentaceratops were equipped with strange, fin-like growths on their tails, which some paleontologists have interpreted as marine adaptations. The trouble is, these neural spines may just as well have been a sexually selected characteristic, meaning that males with more prominent tails got to mate with more females--and werent necessarily very good swimmers. At this point, you may be wondering about the swimming abilities of the biggest dinosaurs of them all, the hundred-ton sauropods and titanosaurs of the later Mesozoic Era. A few generations ago, paleontologists believed that the likes of Apatosaurus and Diplodocus spent most of their time in lakes and rivers, which would have gently supported their vast bulks--until a more rigorous analysis showed that the crushing water pressure would have virtually immobilized these huge beasts. Pending further fossil evidence, the swimming habits of sauropods will have to remain a matter of speculation!

Evolution Of Racist Portrayals Of Film And Television

Prof. Eye. EN 101B November 27, 2014 Evolution of Racist Portrayals in Film and Television. The most common, if not one of the most common methods the morals and perceptions of American society are shaped is through our own storytellers in Hollywood. Filmmakers, writers, and producers for both cinema and television make it their career to create works that tell a compelling story. On occasion, American Society will be reflected in these works, which raises the question: do the works influence society, or vice-versa? This can be problematic when the focus of these works solely to â€Å"sell† them. As history reveals, certain groups of people, especially African Americans, have been portrayed with certain biases and stereotypes, which has been seen by the masses, and has shaped not only our society, but have caused us to develop our own racist perceptions. Racist portrayals have changed from the time of the Civil Rights movement, but they have not disappeared, having taken on new forms and effects. Back during the time period following the 1960’s Civil Rights movement, television and film studios alike began trying to attract new audiences by â€Å"refusing to promote racial stereotypes† as was common in the past. For example, one such program, Julia, was centered around an African American Widow, her son, and their everyday lives in an integrated apartment building, with the titular character being portrayed as an intelligent, professional woman who â€Å"Deserved the Respect of her WhiteShow MoreRelatedEthnic Notions: Film Response Essay1219 Words   |  5 PagesEthnic Notions: Film Response The 1987 film documentary Ethnic Notions directed by Marlon Riggs, identifies the evolution of African American cultural depictions through ethnic stereotypes and caricatures in American culture. 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Leadership Is Crucial Make Or Break Issue For Feminism

In this case, the Leadership process is aimed to understand how women used leadership as a goal to achieve their means. There is a general agreement on the idea that women have more obstacles to become leaders . The Liberian case is an example of how this paradigm could be shifted though gender solidarity and strong mutuality in this specific cultural context. These women managed to understand their strength and their interests. Understanding the principles of the feminist leadership will be attempted. Firstly, it is important to comprehend the difference existing between the â€Å"feminine leadership† and the â€Å"feminist leadership†. The attributes of the â€Å"feminine leadership† type include the general assumptions affiliated to the accepted gendered roles of women , women are supposed to be caring, sensitive, cooperative and inclusive . Despite that, researches believe that â€Å"leadership is crucial make or break issue for feminism† . Defining feminist leadership is challenging, first of all, homogenizing the feminist discourse is quite inconceivable and many studies remain oriented towards western societies. However, many scholars agree on several points. Feminist leadership is driven by feminist ideologies where leaders are motivated by fairness, justice, equity and willing to bring oppressed and marginalized voices in the heart of the conversation . Moreover, feminist leaders tend to support social, political and economic questions. The issue of gender equality is a highShow MoreRelatedFeminism And Mad Max : Fury Road2487 Words   |  10 PagesFeminism and Mad Max: Fury Road George Miller’s action packed film Mad Max: Fury Road, shines a new light on the role of women in contemporary culture. Mad Max takes place in what is called the â€Å"The Citadel†, a post apocalyptic wasteland, where an infamous tyrant by the name of Immortan Joe rules all women and war boys as servants. 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The Effects Of Technology On Our Social Lives - 1166 Words

Our generation is one defined by technology. Every day advances in cellphones, computers, cameras, medical technology, and much more are being made. Because of technology, the way we live our lives, and the way the world functions is vastly different than it used to be. One might argue that all of this technology is making our lives easier, and therefore, better. However, people do not realize all that we are losing, as we gain technological knowledge. In the eighties having a cellphone was a luxury, and in a way, defined your status. Today, cellphones are practically a necessity. Back in the day, because the technology was new and advanced, cellphones were very expensive. Electronics today are still pricey, and because people like to keep up with the newest and latest things, many times debt is accumulated over time. Debt can ruin a life, and is only one of the very negative life changing effects of technology on our social lives. Cell phones are quickly becoming the primary form of communication in America. They have become more and more compact and complex throughout the years. Although they can be somewhat overwhelming, a cellphone is a practical device which can be used for many tasks. For a lot of people, cellphones take the place of an alarm, calendar, an address book, camera, and anything else you can think of. Because of cell phones, our generation has strayed away from any of the other means of communication, such as writing letters, emailing, and even face toShow MoreRelatedTechnology Has Impacted Us All1522 Words   |  7 PagesMartinez ENGL 111 4/6/15 First DA Draft Technology has impacted us all, whether socially, mentally or physically. We now depend on this technologic improvement to run our lives for us. But we are blinded by the positive things it brings us that we do not take notice of the hazardous or negative effects it also brings to our lives or the people around us. 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Moral Dilemma Army Recruitment and Video Games Free Essays

string(128) " the fact that the number of violent crimes from youth and adults have decreased while video game sales have risen \(Ulanoff\)\." Moral Dilemma: Army Recruitment and Video Games While watching the documentary â€Å"Digital Nation,† produced by Rachel Dretzin, I became interested by a section titled â€Å"The Army Experience Center. † The documentary shows clips of teenagers as young as thirteen playing violent videos games in an arcade run by the Army. The whole goal is to arouse these teenagers’ interest so they enlist. We will write a custom essay sample on Moral Dilemma: Army Recruitment and Video Games or any similar topic only for you Order Now Having strong negative feelings towards war and teenage recruitment to begin with, I decided to research this subject further. Let me take you through my thought process while I struggle with the question; Is the Army Experience Center’s (AEC) use of war video games a moral way to recruit teenagers? My first source, a radio program titled â€Å"War Games Lure for ‘Real Thing† laid the background. Host Jacki Lyden explains how the AEC had closed on July 30, 2010 after being in a Philadelphia shopping mall. It was only open for two years in order to â€Å"determine the most effective tools for public outreach† (Army). The center’s spokesman, Captain John Kirchgessner, said the center was successful and had been a â€Å"better way to share our Army story than to simply smile and dial and ask somebody if they thought about joining lately† (War). Brian Lepley adds to this by saying, â€Å"We have got to reach them the way that they entertain themselves† (Joel). I found these statements to be true. After all, before building the AEC, the Army had shut down five recruiting offices nearby. With half the staff, the Army was able to recruit the same amount of people and still save money (War). This saving of money was good business practices and even benefits tax payers. My perception of the AEC was already looking better. Though Kirshgessner is confident that these recruits were aware of the difference between war and videogame, Staff Sergeant Jesse Hamilton has a different perspective. He worries that the use of video games as a recruitment tool takes away from the reality of war. He goes on to say, â€Å"People screaming, blood, flies, horrible smells – the list goes on and on. And they’ve taken all of that out, and what they’ve effectively left is the portion which they consider to be the fun part† (War). Reading this statement reminded me of why I felt ashamed of the AEC to begin with. It gives kids, who don’t know any better, a false idea of all the different aspects of war. I found myself back to my initial, negative perception of the AEC. At this point, I knew I needed more first-hand information about the AEC. Keeping with radio programs, I stumbled across one hosted by Rebecca Roberts who goes into more detail about the center as she takes a tour. She describes it as â€Å"slick and gadget-heavy as an Apple store† (Army). There are two simulators: a Humvee and two Blackhawk helicopter, a career navigator, a global-base locator, and rows of Xbox game counsels. Everything is free, as long as you are thirteen or older. It seems so innocent, like a teenage boy’s dream come true. While thinking more about the nature of boys, I reminded myself that boys have been known through all generations to play war games. Weather it is Cowboys and Indians, Battleship, or the latest video game. It’s in their nature. The more I thought about violent video games, the more I accepted it as a modern day childhood game. Maybe the AEC is more innocent then I thought. Yet, even with an acceptance of violent videos games, I still had not applied that to the Army’s use of video games to persuade teenagers into war. Roberts mentions that some have criticized the AEC â€Å"for bait-and-switch tactics, masquerading as an arcade when it’s really an Army recruiting station† (Army). The Army calling itself an arcade when it’s really a recruitment center brings a whole new problem to the subject. The Army is not allowed to recruit teenagers who are underage. This makes the Army look untruthful. Though the AEC isn’t called a recruitment center, it is. They shut down those five nearby recruitment centers because they planned to recruit teenagers, instead, at the AEC. Staff denies that the AEC is a recruitment center, but then turn around and boast about how many kids they have recruited (War). Bill Deckhart describes it as, â€Å"The Army people would talk about it and say, ‘Oh it’s not a recruiting center,’ [and] at the end of their statement, they would talk about how recruiting was doing. To me, it was very dishonest† (Joel). The dishonesty of the Army became my major turnoff. After all, if the Army was not doing anything wrong then why would they have to lie? In â€Å"Playing War,† Ian Graham and Ronald Shaw argue for a more innocent view of war video games. Their term ‘transitional space’ (790) for video games suggests that they are used to help ready soldiers and recruit new ones (796). Video games, in Graham and Shaw’s minds, are purely tools to help soldiers experience war and help civilians understand it. The Army Experience Center’s use of video games is not a new concept in American Army history. In fact, the Army’s use of digital media dates all the back to the 1970s and from 1996 when the video game Doom II: Hell on Earth came out for training purposes (794). I asked myself, â€Å"Why was there so much controversy over the AEC when the Army has been using video games for years? † Perhaps it has something to do with all the negative science floating around out, claiming violent video games have disastrous effects on young minds. I decided to research this further in my forth source. In the presence of so many studies about the correlation between video games and violent behavior, Author Christopher Ferguson begs to differ. He claims that â€Å"measures used in video game studies claiming to represent ‘aggression’ in fact don’t correlate will with actual real-life aggressive acts or violent behaviors† (79). This is clear and can be proven by the fact that the number of violent crimes from youth and adults have decreased while video game sales have risen (Ulanoff). You read "Moral Dilemma: Army Recruitment and Video Games" in category "Essay examples" Being intrigued by this new idea that violent video games are safe for society, I ventured on with my research. Lance Ulanoff has a son who loves video games, especially violent ones. He has seen no difference in his son’s behavior since he has started playing video games and trusts that his son knows fact from fiction. When talking about today’s youth, Ulanoff says, â€Å"when they turn off those games, they go back to being the same teen they were before they turned it on† (Ulanoff). In his writing, Ulanoff stresses that parents should be responsible over what their kids do. This made me realize something so basic about the fight against the AEC. If parents don’t like it, then they have the right to tell their kids not to go. If parents are concerned their kid is too naive about the dangers of war, they can educate their kids. If a child enlists in the Army because they developed a false sense of war from playing video games at the AEC, whose fault is that? At this point of my research, I now believed that this is the parent’s responsibility, not the Army’s. In the article titled â€Å"I Wish I were a Warrior,† authors Konijam, Bijvank, and Bushman state that video games are harmful to adolescence boy minds. They are too influential to have role models who â€Å"show no remorse for their aggressive actions, and are rarely punished for behaving aggressively† (Konijam). The authors, also, relates lower education with vulnerability, which made me come to my own explanation as to why there are disproportionately more African Americans in the Army. In many ways, this article is true. We should be mindful of the effects that violent media has on us. Maybe we won’t go out killing people, but we are becoming less sensitive of the horrors of war because of it. A life is too precious to take a chance. While on the subject of desensitization, I came across an article published in the Journal of Experimental Social Psychology. The issue of war video games and desensitization took a spin. The authors admit that video games blur the lines between reality and fiction, and that this can be bad for children civilians. Yet, while reading, I realized not all desensitization was bad. The article points out that just as medical students need to be desensitized from blood, so do soldiers when it comes to killing and facing tragedy (Carnagey 490). The video games are the bridge between civilian and soldier life and troops benefit from that slow transition into war that video games provide. After reading this article, I had a completely new perspective on what desensitization is. Yet, this article continues to say that desensitization, while good for people planning to go into war, isn’t good for the regular, thirteen year old civilian. Though this article had valid points, the average kid visiting the AEC wouldn’t benefit from desensitization. With my views about the AEC going back and forth between good and bad, I continued to research on. I came to the article â€Å"Conflict of Interest,† written by Lev Grossman and Evan Narcisse. The article describes our nation’s high demand for video games. It, also, describes the realness so many of today’s games have. Talk about video game’s strong influence on our society had me thinking. We have seen people try to reenact graphic movies such as the â€Å"Dark Knight† movie theater shooting in Colorado, but we have never seen such reenactments based off of video games. If video games are so influential and detrimental, there are no facts to proof it. I began to think that the AEC’s use of video games wasn’t really that big of a deal. As I read on, I found a quote by Hirshberg that reads, â€Å"I think there will be a time when we look back and find it quaint that video games were so controversial† (Grossman). By this time in my research, this quote summed up my thinking, though I still was uncertain about where I stood on the issue of the AEC. My last source was an interview with a World War II veteran, Rudy White. The moment I mentioned video games with recruitment he shook his head and said â€Å"no† (White). White reiterated my very first thoughts about how videogames the AEC desensitized people and put falsehoods into the realities of war. He said there are no consequences to face in games, while real war is filled with consequences. White gives an example that a man killed is a son, a brother, and father, and a friend who is now dead forever. There is no reset button in real life (White). After hearing White, I felt that all the research I did trying to justify the AEC was almost useless. I realized that it was better to trust my instincts that said war video games have their place in society, but not in Army recruitment. Through all my research, I have had a lot of mixed feelings. My initial thinking was that the AEC’s use of video games as a recruitment tool was destructive. It was a dishonest tools used by the Army that gives a false idea about war. It, also, desensitizes kids to the horrors and consequences of war. Yet through my research, I have seen valid counter argument to my own thinking. Some of these arguments are really quite simple, like the Army is just trying to connect with what kids like to do. Others are that the AEC gives people a more well-rounded idea of the Army than if they were playing the same video games alone in their rooms. Through it all, my final perception of the AEC came after talking to veteran Rudy White. I realized that there are many good things about the AEC, but the negatives outweigh them all. War is too serious to be a game and thirteen is too young to recruit. The AEC and its use of violent video games is not a moral way to recruit teens to the Army. Works Cited â€Å"Army Complex – Arcade Or Recruiting Center? † Weekend All Things Considered 17 Jan. 2009. Gale Opposing Viewpoints In Context. Web. 16 Oct. 2012. Carnagey, Nicholas L. , Craig A. Anderson, and Brad J. Bushman. â€Å"The Effects of Video Games Violence on Physiological Desensitization on Real-Life Violence. † Journal of Experimental Social Psychology 43. 3 (2006): 489-496. Print. Ferguson, Christopher J. â€Å"Blazing Angels Or Resident Evil? Can Violent Video Games Be A Force For Good?. † Review Of General Psychology 14. (2010): 68-81. PsycARTICLES. Web. 16 Oct. 2012. Graham, Ian, and Ronald Shaw. â€Å"Playing War. † Social and Cultural Geography 11. 8 (2010): 789, 803. Print. Grossman, Lev, and Evan Narcisse. â€Å"Conflict Of Interest. † Time 178. 17 (2011): 70-75. Academic Search Complete. Web. 16 Oct. 2012. Joel, R. (2012). The A rmy Experience Center. On Marketplace [Record]. Philadelphia: American Public Media Konijn, Elly A. , Marije Nije Bijvank, and Brad J. Bushman. â€Å"I Wish I Were A Warrior: The Role Of Wishful Identification In The Effects Of Violent Video Games On Aggression In Adolescent Boys. Developmental Psychology 43. 4 (2007): 1038-1044. PsycARTICLES. Web. 16 Oct. 2012. Swanson, David. â€Å"The Army Experience Center’s Bad Experience: Turns Out Training Kids To Kill Not Popular With Public. † Humanist 69. 6 (2009): 5. MasterFILE Premier. Web. 16 Oct. 2012. Ulanoff, Lance. â€Å"Violent Video Games: Our Responsibility, Not The Courts. † PC Magazine 29. 12 (2010): 1. Academic Search Complete. Web. 16 Oct. 2012. â€Å"War Games Lure Recruits For ‘Real Thing’† Weekend Edition 31, Jul. 2010. Web. 16 Oct. 2012. White, Rudy. Personal interview. 31 Oct. 2012. How to cite Moral Dilemma: Army Recruitment and Video Games, Essay examples

University Of Central OklahomaDepartment Of Nursing Essay free essay sample

, Research Paper Nurse? s Attitudes TowardDo Not Resuscitate Orders In Partial Fulfillment of the Requirementsfor Nursing 4522Nursing Research II Presented toAllen Nottingham, R.N. , B.S. ByMeggin BeanJessica BrownellShannon GenzerLeslie LoomanShanna McIntosh April 20, 1998 Table OF CONTENTS I. INTRODUCTION? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? 1 Background? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? 1 Theoretical Framework? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? . 4 Problem Statement? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? 5 Statement of Purpose? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ..5 Research Question? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ..6 Theoretical Definitions? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? .. 6 Operational Definitions? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ..7 II. REVIEW OF LITERATURE? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? 9 Introductory Statement? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? 9 Conceptual Framework? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ..101. Pre-Conventional Degree? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? 112. Conventional Degree? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? .. 173. Post-Conventional Degree? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? .. 21 Summary? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? .24 III. METHODOLOGY? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? .. 26 Introductory Statement? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? .. 26 Research Puting? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? . 27 Subjects? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? .. 27 Procedure? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? 28 Instrumentality? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? .. 29 Assumptions related to Methodology? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? . 31 IV. Reference? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? . 32 V. APPENDICES? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? . 36 Appendix A? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? 36 Appendix B? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? 41 Appendix C? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? 42 Appendix D? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? 43 Appendix E? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? 45 Chapter I Introduction Background Many influences such as cultural background, values, ethical motives, and beliefs bring great force to bear upon about every determination a individual must do throughout an mean twenty-four hours whether it be a pick, thought, or action. These influences are used in the formation of attitudes about one? s ego in general, and approximately right or incorrect. We will write a custom essay sample on University Of Central OklahomaDepartment Of Nursing Essay or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page All people have these childhood influences to recognition for our attitudes, picks, thoughts, and even beliefs that are held beloved. Attitudes developed during childhood and throughout life play a cardinal function in the manner people interact with one another, grip crises, or even cover with daily jobs that occur in their lives. These beliefs are cardinal to every human whether they be carpenter, politician, or registered nurse. So intermeshed in our day-to-day lives are these values, that really frequently their function in the determination procedure goes unnoticed. In fact, one can populate their full life and neer have consciousness as to what triggers certain emotions, feelings toward the other sex, or even what drives the way of idea. Yet, they are passed on to every coevals frequently blindly, with every gesture, every arched supercilium, and every faery narrative. The consciousness of their presence is secondary to the demand to hold them. They are the yarn that stitches communities together, brings people to a common land, and gives many a intent for life. Attitudes about decease and deceasing are derived from a womb-to-tomb procedure of sing life and the beliefs about decease that one accepts as their ain. In many civilizations beliefs and issues environing decease are the 1s held dearest and closest to oneself. Many, if non all, civilizations accept that decease is but another measure in the procedure of life. However, differences in how one may take to welcome or evade decease are varied and many. How one chooses to confront decease, what instrumentality, and even where to decease ( when 1 has the pick ) are all affairs of personal penchant. Use of Do Not Resuscitate ( DNR ) orders or thorough steps are besides affairs of penchant ( when there is a life will and these determinations are made in front of clip ) , and these penchants affect many lives runing from friend to caregiver. As a health professional, the nurse must cover with decease and those that are deceasing on an about day-to-day footing. As a nurse, one must be cognizant of his or her ain personal feelings and beliefs sing decease and be prepared to esteem the wants of the patient sing this issue. More frequently, the nurse will be the really individual to transport out a DNR order. This means that the nurse may hold to stand and watch or take the manus of a patient while he or she dies. The determination that a nurse will do will be based on attitudes toward decease and death, every bit good as the very impression of the DNR order. Some nurses may comprehend a DNR order as an easy manner out of expensive medical measures and a direct manus in the decease of the patient, while others may see it as a merciful terminal to a painful and anguished being. When confronted with the legality of DNR orders and the humanity of caring and desiring to continue life, the nurse is frequently confronted with a quandary. The nurse? s determination can be one that can impact h er calling every bit good as the wants of the patient. Whatever the nurse? s feelings are, they must be addressed in order to better function the patient and to guarantee that the patient? s rights and best involvements are at the centre of the concern. By turn toing the nurse? s issues with DNR orders or merely decease itself, the patient benefits from the cognition that the nurse has an apprehension of why he or she may experience a certain manner about a peculiar subject. Understanding of where our values, beliefs, and perceptual experience originate can merely function to, assist us go stronger, more compassionate, and wiser.Researchers of this survey believe that consequences will lend to the already huge organic structure of nursing cognition by presenting an article that when read, may help the readers to look within oneself and find what beliefs, or deficiency of, are regulating their actions. In turn toing this issue, the research workers feel that a nurse will derive valua ble penetration which may assist him or her to better header with the issues environing a patient that is near decease and has a DNR order attached to his or her chart. The research workers will besides present information on the procedure whereby formation of these attitudes or beliefs occurs and in making so will supply beginning from whence alterations and or apprehension of what we believe can be achieved. Furthermore, the research workers believe that the extent to which these findings can be generalized are non merely limited merely to certain floors or sections within a infirmary scene but, are available to everyone with the desire to understand what makes them care about certain issues. Still, these findings can be utile in countries of oncology, paediatricss, gerontologies, and or any country where DNR orders are in topographic point. Besides, these findings can be utile in alleviative, every bit good as healing scenes, within the place wellness community, and the retiremen t community. In general, the research workers hope that this information which may help anyone in their hunt for apprehension of who and what they are, will besides function as a tool to impact a alteration in how those that read this survey handle one another every bit good as what one says and does. Theoretical FrameworkKohlberg? s Theory of Moral Development will be used as a conceptual model for this survey ( Wong, 1995 ) . Kohlberg? s theory consist of three degrees. Within each degree are two distinguishable phases of moral development. Within degree one, the Pre-moral degree, are the phases one and two which province that a individual obeys regulations to forestall penalty or to convey about wages severally. Within Kohlberg? s degree one is Piaget? s phase one of moral logical thinking called Moral Realism from which attitude formation, and attitudes about decease and deceasing are formulated ( Coffey A ; March, 1983 ) .The 2nd Kohlberg degree is known as the Pre-Conventional degree. Within this degree are phases three and four. Stage three addresses the method whereby persons pursue the blessing of others by portraying themselves as good. Stage four provinces that people have regard for authorization and societal order and that people are oriented toward responsibility an d regard for authorization. Besides within this degree is Piaget? s 2nd phase of moral logical thinking called Morality of Cooperation which deals with the manner cooperation is achieved in moral development and its deductions on developing ethical motives and attitudes.The last degree of Kohlberg? s theoretical account is the Post-Conventional degree. Within this degree are the 5th and 6th phases. Stage five references that people are receptive to obeying democratically accepted Torahs and regulations of behaviour, while phase six implies that morality is single scruples. Within this subdivision surveies will be presented that province that nurses map at this degree of Kohlberg? s Theory of Moral Development. It is because of this degree that one can be in touch with the emotions and attitudes that are responsible for how people feel and act sing a specific topic. These actions and the attitudes behind them are the foundations for what makes something right or incorrect ( at least in the head of the individual or individuals involved ) . Kohlberg? s theoretical account will be used to explicate the actions of persons based on the degree of development antecedently stated by the many degrees of Kohlberg? s theoretical account. It has been stated that nurses map at the phase 6 degree that states morality is single scruples. With all the phases holding been laid out rather specifically, a research worker should be really capable of delegating a specific topic to a specific phase of development and besides be able to find with some grade of truth the attitudes held by that individual by the manner a set of inquiries are answered ( Kohlberg, 1969 ) .Problem StatementWhat factors, moral and ethical, influence nurses? attitudes and determinations sing patient attention of a client with DNR orders? Statement of PurposeThe research workers believe that independent variables such as patient demographics, every bit good as physiological facets runing from age and sex to sharp-sightedness and nature of disease will hold an affect on the dependant variable, the nurses? attitude on decease and deceasing. This survey will research the nurses? attitudes about decease and death every bit good as specific issues about DNR orders which may hold deep rooted beginnings and may be affected by assorted factors such as familial wants and cultural issues that are out of the control of the nurse. In this descriptive survey, the research workers will try to add to the huge organic structure of nursing cognition by researching the attitudes that nurses have toward decease and death every bit good as their attitude toward the DNR order itself. The research workers believe that by look intoing the beginnings of one? s values and beliefs the nurse will go a better nurse and a better individual.This penetration into oneself will let the nurse to present better patient attention and develop a sense of who they are and where they come from.Research QuestionWhat factors that affect nurses? attitudes toward decease, the death, and the DNR order can be discovered and identified in a descriptive survey by the usage of a topic specific questionnaire such as a DNR questionnaire? Definition of TermsTheoretical DefinitionsDNR Order: # 8220 ; A note written in the patient record and signed by a qualified, normally senior or go toing physician, teaching the staff of the establishment non to try to revive a peculiar patient in the event of cardiac or respiratory failure. This direction is normally merely given when a individual is so soberly ill that decease is at hand and inevitable # 8221 ; ( Mosby? s Medical A ; Nursing Dictionary, 1996 ) .Attitude: # 8220 ; State of head, behaviour, or behavior sing some affair, as indicating sentiment or aim # 8221 ; ( Britannica World Language Dictionary, 1995 ) .Nurse: # 8220 ; A individual educated and licensed in the pattern of nursing ; one who is concerned with # 8220 ; the diagnosing and intervention of hu man responses to existent or possible wellness jobs # 8221 ; ( American Nurses? Association ) . The pattern of the nurse includes informations aggregation, diagnosing, planning, intervention, and rating with work forces in model of the nurse? s remarkable concern with the individual? s response to the job instead than to the job itself. The concerns of the nurse or therefore broader and less distinct and circumscribed than the traditional concerns of medical specialty. In a concerted participatory relationship with the client or patient, the nurse Acts of the Apostless to advance, keep, or reconstruct the wellness of the individual ; health is the end. A collegial collaborative of relationship with other wellness professionals who portion a mission and a common information base furthers the pattern of nursing. Guided by a human-centered, ethical rules, the nurse patterns in a personal, nurturing, and protective mode that promotes wellness in all ways. The nurse may be a Renaissance man or a specializer and, as a professional, is ethnically and lawfully accountable for the nursing activities performed and for the actions of others to whom the nurse has delegated duty # 8221 ; ( Mosby? s Medical A ; Nursing Dictionary, 1996 ) .Questionnaire: A written or printed signifier consisting a series of inquiries submitted to a figure of individuals in order to obtain informations for a study or study # 8221 ; ( Britanni ca World Language Dictionary, 1995 ) . Operational DefinitionsDNR order: An order made by a doctor ( of one of the three infirmaries involved in the UCO DNR survey ) after audience with household members which entails the deficiency of attempt to resuscitate a patient that has of course ceased to breath or has experienced cardiorespiratory arrest.Attitude: An interior personal feeling toward a certain topic, individual, or doctrine that could be positive or negative held by one or more nurses involved in the UCO descriptive DNR study.Nurse: A alumnus of a 1 ( Accredited Practical Nurse ) , two, or a four twelvemonth, accredited nursing plan, or a alumnus of a certification plan and licensed by any province to pattern as a nurse and presently employed at any one of three metropolitan infirmaries in the Southwestern United States which are presently helping with the UCO DNR research project.Questionnaire: The tool used to determine attitudes and get information about DNR orders from take parting nurses employed at one of th e three Southwestern United States Hospitals involved in the UCO DNR survey. Chapter II Reappraisal of Literature Introductory Statement The Review of Literature has been organized into Kohlberg # 8217 ; s Theory of Moral Development. Kohlberg # 8217 ; s theory was used in this survey because it straight addresses moral development in kids and grownups, and focuses on the grounds an person makes a determination ; instead than the existent morality of their determination. Kohlberg # 8217 ; s Moral Development Theory progresses through three degrees and six phases. The first degree, the Pre-Moral or Pre-Conventional, consists of two phases. Stage one involves penalty and obeisance orientation. Phase two involves instrumental-relativist orientation in which action is taken to fulfill one # 8217 ; s demands. Incorporated into this degree is Piaget # 8217 ; s present one of moral logical thinking, which consists of Moral Realism and attitude formation ( Coffey and March, 1983 ) . At this degree, nurses attitudes begin to explicate in relation to deep frozen beginnings of beliefs and values. Furthermore, these beliefs and values frequently influence nurses attitudes towards Do- non resuscitate ( DNR ) orders. The 2nd degree, The Conventional Level, includes phases three and four. Stage three involves interpersonal harmony, which focuses on persons adhering to a good boy/nice miss morality. Stage four affecting jurisprudence and order orientation provinces that right behaviour is obeying the jurisprudence and following the regulations. This degree includes Piaget # 8217 ; s 2nd phase of moral logical thinking called Morality of Cooperation. As antecedently stated nurses formulate attitudes, nevertheless at this flat ethical consideration takes precedency over the DNR order. The last degree of Kohlberg # 8217 ; s theory is called The Post-Conventional, Autonomous, or Principled Level. This degree consists of phases five and six. Stage five involves societal contract and legalistic orientation, and focuses on adhering to Torahs that protect the public assistance and rights of others. Stage six involves universal/ethical rules. This focuses on the fact that cosmopolitan moral rules are internalized. Nurses are frequently confronted with ethical quandaries due to resistances between their ain scruples of what is right and incorrect and ethical considerations. In retrospect, our Review of Literature has focused on Kohlberg # 8217 ; s Theory of Moral Development which may be the footing for a nurses moral logical thinking. Conceptual Model Moral development is a uninterrupted procedure in which a individual learns to consciously accept right and incorrect, harmonizing to their ain beliefs and values. An person learns throughout childhood a sense of what is right and what is incorrect. Through this, a sense of morality is formed by their behaviour as # 8220 ; good # 8221 ; or # 8220 ; bad # 8221 ; . This is established through wagess and penalties. An single must understand how morality is formed throughout childhood ( Kozier A ; Erb, 1995 ) . A kid? s moral development is extremely influenced by the parent or defender. A kid is rewarded for what a parent or guardian considers good behaviour and punished for what a parent or guardian considers a bad or negative behaviour. Therefore, a kid # 8217 ; s belief of what is right or incorrect is developed by their parent # 8217 ; s disciplinary actions. PRE- CONVENTIONAL LEVEL. Kohlberg developed a construction to organize a theory of moral development. Moral development is a complex procedure, which involves larning what ought to be and what ought non to be done ( Kozier and Erb, 1995 ) . Harmonizing to Kohlberg, moral development progresses through each phase of each degree. Degrees and phases are non ever linked to a peculiar developmental phase, because some individuals progress to a higher degree of moral development that others ( Kozier A ; Erb, 1995 ) . The first phase of the Pre-conventional degree is the Right of actual obeisance to regulations and authorization, avoiding penalty, and non making physical injury ( Kohlberg,1927 ) . This phase takes an egoistic point of position. A individual at this phase does non acknowledge the involvements of others. They do non associate two points of position. Alternatively, they value their ain beliefs. Actions are judged in footings of physical effects instead than in footings of psychological involvements of others ( Kohlberg, 1927 ) . For case, a nurse follows a physician # 8217 ; s orders so as non to be fired, although many nurses may hold conflicting beliefs it is their responsibility to transport out DNR orders. Many legislative acts provide unsusceptibility to wellness attention suppliers who do. Failing to honour an DNR order could take to a battery suit by the patient or his household, and disciplinary action by the Board of Nursing ( Sloan, 1996 ) . Persons map in order to avoid penalty. Rules are sacred and unchangeable, and those who violate regulations must be punished harmonizing to the magnitude of their discourtesies ( Shultz, 1997 ) . Health attention as a profession involves far more ethical rules than possibly any other profession. Nurses, every bit good as other wellness attention professionals with a principle- centered life and pattern, create an internal construction that will assist them systematically run into ethical duties to themselves, patients, households, and communities. Developing a cardinal set of Principles, encourages nurses to use the same set of moralss to themselves every bit good as to their patient ( Moss, 1995 ) . Jezewski ( 1994 ) conducted a survey to depict the struggle that occurs during the procedure of accepting to do-not-resuscitate position and the schemes used by critical attention nurses to try and forestall, minimise, and/or decide these struggles. His survey consisted of a grounded theory design. Twenty-two critical attention nurses practising in upstate New York in urban and rural, net income and non-profit-making infirmaries were involved in the survey. Of the 22 participants, 21 were female and 1 was a male. The age scope was 26-53 old ages old, with a mean of 34 ( + or # 8211 ; 6 old ages ) . Old ages in pattern ranged from 4-31 old ages. Semi-structured, in-depth interviews were used to roll up informations. The interview agenda consisted of open-ended inquiries and were formulated to arouse nurses # 8217 ; experiences in the context of interacting with patients and household members during the procedure of their make up ones minding whether to accept to a DNR position. The information was analyzed with the uninterrupted comparative method of grounded theory. The consequences show that struggle occurred during the procedure of accepting to DNR position. Two major classs of struggle were intrapersonal ( interior struggle in coming to footings with DNR-status determination ) and interpersonal ( struggle that took topographic point between persons involved in accepting to a DNR position ) . Intrapersonal struggle, for the nurses occurred while finding the rightness of DNR order for their patients and coming to footings with the significance of DNR position. Nurses had to come to footings that a DNR order was appropriate or inappropriate for the patient. To make this, the nurse assessed the patient # 8217 ; s physical position in concurrence with quality of life issues, conferred with other wellness attention professionals, and talked with the patient and/or household. It was of import for the nurses to personally decide any struggle about the rightness before they could optimally help patients and households with the determination to accept to DNR position. Interpersonal struggle occurred between household members, patients, and staff. Nurses descriptions of their function were reflective of a civilization agent model integrating protagonism, dialogue, speculation, and sensitiveness to patient? s and household? s demands. They would speak with household members to seek to understand their feelings about accepting to a DNR position. The nurses emphasized the importance of leting clip for household members to come to footings with the patient # 8217 ; s position and the significance of DNR for themselves separately and as a group ( Jezewski, 1994 ) . Attitudes, values, and moralss set the phase for managed attention nursing ( Salladay, 1997 ) . Ajzen and Fishbein ( 1980 ) theorized that human existences base their actions on rational, systematic usage of information ; individuals consider the deductions of their actions before they decide to prosecute in a given behaviour. Attitudes are defined as the individuals rating of the positive or negative effects of the results of specific behaviours or actions taken. Whereas, Behavioral purpose is the reported grade of likeliness that the nurse will execute a certain action ( Ajzen A ; Fishbein, 1980 ) . Nurses must make up ones mind what their ain moral actions ought to be in a state of affairs refering a DNR order. Because of the particular nature of the nurse-client relationship, they must back up and prolong clients and households who are confronting hard moral determinations. On the other manus, nurses must besides back up clients and households who are populating out the determinations made for and about them by others, or themselves. Nurses can do better moral determinations and have a positive attitude to any given state of affairs by believing in progress about their beliefs and values ( Moss, 1995 ) . Schaefer and Tittle ( 1994 ) conducted a survey to research the attitudes and perceptual experiences of registered nurses ( RNs ) and doctors ( MDs ) sing the attention of patients with do-not-resuscitate ( DNR ) orders in the intensive attention units ( ICU ) . Structured interviews were conducted with 20 RNs and MDs from the ICUs of 25 Veterans Administration Hospitals. The questionnaire included four conjectural instances which tested a statement as to who would outdo support the liberty of the patient in doing a DNR determination: ( a ) when the patient is unqualified, ( B ) when the patient is non competent and a close relationship exists with the household, ( degree Celsius ) when the patient is non competent, has no close relationship with household but a curative relationship exists between the doctor and the patient, and ( vitamin D ) when the patient is non competent, has no close relationship with the household but a curative relationship exists between the nurse and the patient. A sum of 226 ( 45.2 % ) questionnaires were received ; 160 ( 70.8 % ) from the RNs and 66 ( 29.2 % ) from MDs. The average age of RNs was 38.4 with a scope of 22-58. The average age of the MDs was 42.4 with a scope of 27-76. The RNs and MDs did non hold who would outdo support patient liberty in any of the four instances ( P

Ethical Consideration of Autonomous Car Technology

Question: A detailed evaluation of the ethical considerations associated with the technology in relation to its impact on humanity. An illustration of at least two specific ethical theories that differentiates their varying approaches in consideration of the questions raised by the selected technology . At least one statistical graph or visual aid that supports or provides value to the section . Answer: Introduction This study deals with ethical considerations of Autonomous Car Technology. In this particular assignment, focus is mainly given on selected technology and relating it with humanity attributes. Differences between two theories of ethics are explained named as Deontology and Teleology. Analysis on impact of technology on humanity Autonomous Car Technology represents major innovation in the automotive industry but uptakes penetration strategy from the point of view of humanity actions. Autonomous vehicles are under active development as well as viable options in transport sector (Vitell Hunt, 2015). This mainly offers potential ways for improving in the safety, efficiency as well as sustainability in road traffic. Humans will be able to experience significant benefits from reduced risk of accidents and delays at the same time. Autonomous vehicles cars drive little or no human input. Figure: Trend of Autonomous Car Technology (Source: Berker, 2013) Distinction between two ethical approaches on Deontology and Teleology Deontology Teleology Deontology is one of the approaches to ethics that mainly adheres towards theory implications. Teleology is an approach to ethics that mainly adheres towards theory at the end and justifies at the same time. It is also known as duty-based ethics It is also known as result-oriented ethics This particular approach teaches to be fair as not to use others for some of the selfish reasons This particular approach teaches about doing whatever actions for result production agreeable to specific person This approach mainly follows what is morally right as based upon values instilled in each person This approach examines past experiences for predicting the present actions Conclusion At the end of the study, it is concluded that Autonomous Car Technology should act in ethical ways for achieving future business prospective in smoother ways. The main differences between both the theories include past experiences in case of Teleology and duty-oriented ethics in case of Deontology. Reference List Berker, S. (2013). Epistemic teleology and the separateness of propositions. Philosophical Review, 122(3), 337-393. Vitell, S. J., Hunt, S. D. (2015). 2. the general theory of marketing ethics: the consumer ethics and intentions issues. Handbook on Ethics and Marketing, 15.

Why Some Sociologists Choose to Use Structured Interviews When Conducting Research free essay sample

Examine the reasons why some sociologists choose to use structured interviews when conducting research. There are three types of interviews; structured, unstructured and semi-structured interviews. The most commonly used types of interviews by sociologists are structured interviews and unstructured interviews. Structured interviews have various advantages, therefore, some sociologists, mainly Positivist sociologists, choose to use structured interviews when conducting research. Positivists are mainly interested in research methods that achieve their main goals of reliability, generalisability and representativeness, for this reason, they favour structured interviews as they achieve these goals. This is because structured interviews often have questions and answers that are standardised; they are reliable because they can be therefore replicated. Positivist sociologists also prefer to use structured interviews when conducting research because the pre-coded responses mean that quantitative data can be produced and so cause-and-effect relationships can be established. Also, structured interviews are representative and can therefore be generalised, because of the fact that they are often large-scale. We will write a custom essay sample on Why Some Sociologists Choose to Use Structured Interviews When Conducting Research or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page There are also practical advantages to using structured interviews. For an example, training interviewers is relatively easy and inexpensive as no specialist skills have to be taught as the questions tend to be very straightforward as they often close-ended, and do not require too much thought. Also, because skills taught are minimal, the process of training interviewers will not cost too much. Another practical advantage, is that structured interviews are relatively cheap and easy to administer, so large quantities of interviews can be carried out, meaning that are large-scale , so sociologists, especially Positivists’, can generalise data as the data found will be representative. Also, another practical advantage is that they are relatively straightforward to carry out, and factual information can be found out quickly and cheaply, such as a person’s age. A final practical advantage, adding to why sociologists may choose structured interviews, is that because the questions are close-ended, the results can be easily quantified and so structured interviews are very suitable for hypothesis testing. An ethical advantage is that informed consent can be found, if the interview is carried out on the children, informed consent can be provided by the parents. Another ethical advantage, dding to why sociologists choose structured interviews, is that interviewees may feel more relaxed about answering questions, because they should be told that they have the right not to answer any question they do not want to. Another advantage, is that although the numbers that can be studied using structured interviews are relatively lower than that of postal questionnaires, structured interviews generally have a higher response rate. For an example, in the case of Young and Willmott’s study, only 54 out of 987 people that they asked to interview, refused to be interviewed, possibly because it is easier to simply not complete and post back a questionnaire than to turn down an interview, because with interviews, the request for one is often face-to-face, and many people will prefer interviews because of the chance to talk to someone about particular issues that they feel strongly about and have opinions about. Response rates may also be fairly high with structured interviews, making the interviews more representative, because the interviewer may make several call backs to people who initially fail to respond to questions, and therefore, a better basis for generalisation, which is required for Positivists’ research, can be provided.